Clang Compiler User’s Manual

Introduction

The Clang Compiler is an open-source compiler for the C family of programming languages, aiming to be the best in class implementation of these languages. Clang builds on the LLVM optimizer and code generator, allowing it to provide high-quality optimization and code generation support for many targets. For more general information, please see the Clang Web Site or the LLVM Web Site.

This document describes important notes about using Clang as a compiler for an end-user, documenting the supported features, command line options, etc. If you are interested in using Clang to build a tool that processes code, please see “Clang” CFE Internals Manual. If you are interested in the Clang Static Analyzer, please see its web page.

Clang is one component in a complete toolchain for C family languages. A separate document describes the other pieces necessary to assemble a complete toolchain.

Clang is designed to support the C family of programming languages, which includes C, Objective-C, C++, and Objective-C++ as well as many dialects of those. For language-specific information, please see the corresponding language specific section:

In addition to these base languages and their dialects, Clang supports a broad variety of language extensions, which are documented in the corresponding language section. These extensions are provided to be compatible with the GCC, Microsoft, and other popular compilers as well as to improve functionality through Clang-specific features. The Clang driver and language features are intentionally designed to be as compatible with the GNU GCC compiler as reasonably possible, easing migration from GCC to Clang. In most cases, code “just works”. Clang also provides an alternative driver, clang-cl, that is designed to be compatible with the Visual C++ compiler, cl.exe.

In addition to language specific features, Clang has a variety of features that depend on what CPU architecture or operating system is being compiled for. Please see the Target-Specific Features and Limitations section for more details.

The rest of the introduction introduces some basic compiler terminology that is used throughout this manual and contains a basic introduction to using Clang as a command line compiler.

Terminology

Front end, parser, backend, preprocessor, undefined behavior, diagnostic, optimizer

Basic Usage

Intro to how to use a C compiler for newbies.

compile + link compile then link debug info enabling optimizations picking a language to use, defaults to C11 by default. Autosenses based on extension. using a makefile

Command Line Options

This section is generally an index into other sections. It does not go into depth on the ones that are covered by other sections. However, the first part introduces the language selection and other high level options like -c, -g, etc.

Options to Control Error and Warning Messages

-Werror

Turn warnings into errors.

-Werror=foo

Turn warning “foo” into an error.

-Wno-error=foo

Turn warning “foo” into a warning even if -Werror is specified.

-Wfoo

Enable warning “foo”. See the diagnostics reference for a complete list of the warning flags that can be specified in this way.

-Wno-foo

Disable warning “foo”.

-w

Disable all diagnostics.

-Weverything

Enable all diagnostics.

-pedantic

Warn on language extensions.

-pedantic-errors

Error on language extensions.

-Wsystem-headers

Enable warnings from system headers.

-ferror-limit=123

Stop emitting diagnostics after 123 errors have been produced. The default is 20, and the error limit can be disabled with -ferror-limit=0.

-ftemplate-backtrace-limit=123

Only emit up to 123 template instantiation notes within the template instantiation backtrace for a single warning or error. The default is 10, and the limit can be disabled with -ftemplate-backtrace-limit=0.

Formatting of Diagnostics

Clang aims to produce beautiful diagnostics by default, particularly for new users that first come to Clang. However, different people have different preferences, and sometimes Clang is driven not by a human, but by a program that wants consistent and easily parsable output. For these cases, Clang provides a wide range of options to control the exact output format of the diagnostics that it generates.

-f[no-]show-column

Print column number in diagnostic.

This option, which defaults to on, controls whether or not Clang prints the column number of a diagnostic. For example, when this is enabled, Clang will print something like:

test.c:28:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
#endif bad
       ^
       //

When this is disabled, Clang will print “test.c:28: warning…” with no column number.

The printed column numbers count bytes from the beginning of the line; take care if your source contains multibyte characters.

-f[no-]show-source-location

Print source file/line/column information in diagnostic.

This option, which defaults to on, controls whether or not Clang prints the filename, line number and column number of a diagnostic. For example, when this is enabled, Clang will print something like:

test.c:28:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
#endif bad
       ^
       //

When this is disabled, Clang will not print the “test.c:28:8: ” part.

-f[no-]caret-diagnostics

Print source line and ranges from source code in diagnostic. This option, which defaults to on, controls whether or not Clang prints the source line, source ranges, and caret when emitting a diagnostic. For example, when this is enabled, Clang will print something like:

test.c:28:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
#endif bad
       ^
       //
-f[no-]color-diagnostics

This option, which defaults to on when a color-capable terminal is detected, controls whether or not Clang prints diagnostics in color.

When this option is enabled, Clang will use colors to highlight specific parts of the diagnostic, e.g.,

  test.c:28:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
  #endif bad
         ^
         //

When this is disabled, Clang will just print:

test.c:2:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
#endif bad
       ^
       //
-fansi-escape-codes

Controls whether ANSI escape codes are used instead of the Windows Console API to output colored diagnostics. This option is only used on Windows and defaults to off.

-fdiagnostics-format=clang/msvc/vi

Changes diagnostic output format to better match IDEs and command line tools.

This option controls the output format of the filename, line number, and column printed in diagnostic messages. The options, and their affect on formatting a simple conversion diagnostic, follow:

clang (default)
t.c:3:11: warning: conversion specifies type 'char *' but the argument has type 'int'
msvc
t.c(3,11) : warning: conversion specifies type 'char *' but the argument has type 'int'
vi
t.c +3:11: warning: conversion specifies type 'char *' but the argument has type 'int'
-f[no-]diagnostics-show-option

Enable [-Woption] information in diagnostic line.

This option, which defaults to on, controls whether or not Clang prints the associated warning group option name when outputting a warning diagnostic. For example, in this output:

test.c:28:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
#endif bad
       ^
       //

Passing -fno-diagnostics-show-option will prevent Clang from printing the [-Wextra-tokens] information in the diagnostic. This information tells you the flag needed to enable or disable the diagnostic, either from the command line or through #pragma GCC diagnostic.

-fdiagnostics-show-category=none/id/name

Enable printing category information in diagnostic line.

This option, which defaults to “none”, controls whether or not Clang prints the category associated with a diagnostic when emitting it. Each diagnostic may or many not have an associated category, if it has one, it is listed in the diagnostic categorization field of the diagnostic line (in the []’s).

For example, a format string warning will produce these three renditions based on the setting of this option:

t.c:3:11: warning: conversion specifies type 'char *' but the argument has type 'int' [-Wformat]
t.c:3:11: warning: conversion specifies type 'char *' but the argument has type 'int' [-Wformat,1]
t.c:3:11: warning: conversion specifies type 'char *' but the argument has type 'int' [-Wformat,Format String]

This category can be used by clients that want to group diagnostics by category, so it should be a high level category. We want dozens of these, not hundreds or thousands of them.

-fsave-optimization-record[=<format>]

Write optimization remarks to a separate file.

This option, which defaults to off, controls whether Clang writes optimization reports to a separate file. By recording diagnostics in a file, users can parse or sort the remarks in a convenient way.

By default, the serialization format is YAML.

The supported serialization formats are:

  • -fsave-optimization-record=yaml: A structured YAML format.

-foptimization-record-file

Control the file to which optimization reports are written.

When optimization reports are being output (see -fsave-optimization-record), this option controls the file to which those reports are written.

If this option is not used, optimization records are output to a file named after the primary file being compiled. If that’s “foo.c”, for example, optimization records are output to “foo.opt.yaml”. If a specific serialization format is specified, the file will be named “foo.opt.<format>”.

-foptimization-record-passes

Only include passes which match a specified regular expression.

When optimization reports are being output (see -fsave-optimization-record), this option controls the passes that will be included in the final report.

If this option is not used, all the passes are included in the optimization record.

-f[no-]diagnostics-show-hotness

Enable profile hotness information in diagnostic line.

This option controls whether Clang prints the profile hotness associated with diagnostics in the presence of profile-guided optimization information. This is currently supported with optimization remarks (see Options to Emit Optimization Reports). The hotness information allows users to focus on the hot optimization remarks that are likely to be more relevant for run-time performance.

For example, in this output, the block containing the callsite of foo was executed 3000 times according to the profile data:

s.c:7:10: remark: foo inlined into bar (hotness: 3000) [-Rpass-analysis=inline]
  sum += foo(x, x - 2);
         ^

This option is implied when -fsave-optimization-record is used. Otherwise, it defaults to off.

-fdiagnostics-hotness-threshold

Prevent optimization remarks from being output if they do not have at least this hotness value.

This option, which defaults to zero, controls the minimum hotness an optimization remark would need in order to be output by Clang. This is currently supported with optimization remarks (see Options to Emit Optimization Reports) when profile hotness information in diagnostics is enabled (see -fdiagnostics-show-hotness).

-f[no-]diagnostics-fixit-info

Enable “FixIt” information in the diagnostics output.

This option, which defaults to on, controls whether or not Clang prints the information on how to fix a specific diagnostic underneath it when it knows. For example, in this output:

test.c:28:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
#endif bad
       ^
       //

Passing -fno-diagnostics-fixit-info will prevent Clang from printing the “//” line at the end of the message. This information is useful for users who may not understand what is wrong, but can be confusing for machine parsing.

-fdiagnostics-print-source-range-info

Print machine parsable information about source ranges. This option makes Clang print information about source ranges in a machine parsable format after the file/line/column number information. The information is a simple sequence of brace enclosed ranges, where each range lists the start and end line/column locations. For example, in this output:

exprs.c:47:15:{47:8-47:14}{47:17-47:24}: error: invalid operands to binary expression ('int *' and '_Complex float')
   P = (P-42) + Gamma*4;
       ~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~

The {}’s are generated by -fdiagnostics-print-source-range-info.

The printed column numbers count bytes from the beginning of the line; take care if your source contains multibyte characters.

-fdiagnostics-parseable-fixits

Print Fix-Its in a machine parseable form.

This option makes Clang print available Fix-Its in a machine parseable format at the end of diagnostics. The following example illustrates the format:

fix-it:"t.cpp":{7:25-7:29}:"Gamma"

The range printed is a half-open range, so in this example the characters at column 25 up to but not including column 29 on line 7 in t.cpp should be replaced with the string “Gamma”. Either the range or the replacement string may be empty (representing strict insertions and strict erasures, respectively). Both the file name and the insertion string escape backslash (as “\”), tabs (as “\t”), newlines (as “\n”), double quotes(as “"”) and non-printable characters (as octal “\xxx”).

The printed column numbers count bytes from the beginning of the line; take care if your source contains multibyte characters.

-fno-elide-type

Turns off elision in template type printing.

The default for template type printing is to elide as many template arguments as possible, removing those which are the same in both template types, leaving only the differences. Adding this flag will print all the template arguments. If supported by the terminal, highlighting will still appear on differing arguments.

Default:

t.cc:4:5: note: candidate function not viable: no known conversion from 'vector<map<[...], map<float, [...]>>>' to 'vector<map<[...], map<double, [...]>>>' for 1st argument;

-fno-elide-type:

t.cc:4:5: note: candidate function not viable: no known conversion from 'vector<map<int, map<float, int>>>' to 'vector<map<int, map<double, int>>>' for 1st argument;
-fdiagnostics-show-template-tree

Template type diffing prints a text tree.

For diffing large templated types, this option will cause Clang to display the templates as an indented text tree, one argument per line, with differences marked inline. This is compatible with -fno-elide-type.

Default:

t.cc:4:5: note: candidate function not viable: no known conversion from 'vector<map<[...], map<float, [...]>>>' to 'vector<map<[...], map<double, [...]>>>' for 1st argument;

With -fdiagnostics-show-template-tree:

t.cc:4:5: note: candidate function not viable: no known conversion for 1st argument;
  vector<
    map<
      [...],
      map<
        [float != double],
        [...]>>>

Individual Warning Groups

TODO: Generate this from tblgen. Define one anchor per warning group.

-Wextra-tokens

Warn about excess tokens at the end of a preprocessor directive.

This option, which defaults to on, enables warnings about extra tokens at the end of preprocessor directives. For example:

test.c:28:8: warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive [-Wextra-tokens]
#endif bad
       ^

These extra tokens are not strictly conforming, and are usually best handled by commenting them out.

-Wambiguous-member-template

Warn about unqualified uses of a member template whose name resolves to another template at the location of the use.

This option, which defaults to on, enables a warning in the following code:

template<typename T> struct set{};
template<typename T> struct trait { typedef const T& type; };
struct Value {
  template<typename T> void set(typename trait<T>::type value) {}
};
void foo() {
  Value v;
  v.set<double>(3.2);
}

C++ [basic.lookup.classref] requires this to be an error, but, because it’s hard to work around, Clang downgrades it to a warning as an extension.

-Wbind-to-temporary-copy

Warn about an unusable copy constructor when binding a reference to a temporary.

This option enables warnings about binding a reference to a temporary when the temporary doesn’t have a usable copy constructor. For example:

struct NonCopyable {
  NonCopyable();
private:
  NonCopyable(const NonCopyable&);
};
void foo(const NonCopyable&);
void bar() {
  foo(NonCopyable());  // Disallowed in C++98; allowed in C++11.
}

struct NonCopyable2 {
  NonCopyable2();
  NonCopyable2(NonCopyable2&);
};
void foo(const NonCopyable2&);
void bar() {
  foo(NonCopyable2());  // Disallowed in C++98; allowed in C++11.
}

Note that if NonCopyable2::NonCopyable2() has a default argument whose instantiation produces a compile error, that error will still be a hard error in C++98 mode even if this warning is turned off.

Options to Control Clang Crash Diagnostics

As unbelievable as it may sound, Clang does crash from time to time. Generally, this only occurs to those living on the bleeding edge. Clang goes to great lengths to assist you in filing a bug report. Specifically, Clang generates preprocessed source file(s) and associated run script(s) upon a crash. These files should be attached to a bug report to ease reproducibility of the failure. Below are the command line options to control the crash diagnostics.

-fno-crash-diagnostics

Disable auto-generation of preprocessed source files during a clang crash.

The -fno-crash-diagnostics flag can be helpful for speeding the process of generating a delta reduced test case.

Clang is also capable of generating preprocessed source file(s) and associated run script(s) even without a crash. This is specially useful when trying to generate a reproducer for warnings or errors while using modules.

-gen-reproducer

Generates preprocessed source files, a reproducer script and if relevant, a cache containing: built module pcm’s and all headers needed to rebuilt the same modules.

Options to Emit Optimization Reports

Optimization reports trace, at a high-level, all the major decisions done by compiler transformations. For instance, when the inliner decides to inline function foo() into bar(), or the loop unroller decides to unroll a loop N times, or the vectorizer decides to vectorize a loop body.

Clang offers a family of flags which the optimizers can use to emit a diagnostic in three cases:

  1. When the pass makes a transformation (-Rpass).

  2. When the pass fails to make a transformation (-Rpass-missed).

  3. When the pass determines whether or not to make a transformation (-Rpass-analysis).

NOTE: Although the discussion below focuses on -Rpass, the exact same options apply to -Rpass-missed and -Rpass-analysis.

Since there are dozens of passes inside the compiler, each of these flags take a regular expression that identifies the name of the pass which should emit the associated diagnostic. For example, to get a report from the inliner, compile the code with:

$ clang -O2 -Rpass=inline code.cc -o code
code.cc:4:25: remark: foo inlined into bar [-Rpass=inline]
int bar(int j) { return foo(j, j - 2); }
                        ^

Note that remarks from the inliner are identified with [-Rpass=inline]. To request a report from every optimization pass, you should use -Rpass=.* (in fact, you can use any valid POSIX regular expression). However, do not expect a report from every transformation made by the compiler. Optimization remarks do not really make sense outside of the major transformations (e.g., inlining, vectorization, loop optimizations) and not every optimization pass supports this feature.

Note that when using profile-guided optimization information, profile hotness information can be included in the remarks (see -fdiagnostics-show-hotness).

Current limitations

  1. Optimization remarks that refer to function names will display the mangled name of the function. Since these remarks are emitted by the back end of the compiler, it does not know anything about the input language, nor its mangling rules.

  2. Some source locations are not displayed correctly. The front end has a more detailed source location tracking than the locations included in the debug info (e.g., the front end can locate code inside macro expansions). However, the locations used by -Rpass are translated from debug annotations. That translation can be lossy, which results in some remarks having no location information.

Other Options

Clang options that don’t fit neatly into other categories.

-MV

When emitting a dependency file, use formatting conventions appropriate for NMake or Jom. Ignored unless another option causes Clang to emit a dependency file.

When Clang emits a dependency file (e.g., you supplied the -M option) most filenames can be written to the file without any special formatting. Different Make tools will treat different sets of characters as “special” and use different conventions for telling the Make tool that the character is actually part of the filename. Normally Clang uses backslash to “escape” a special character, which is the convention used by GNU Make. The -MV option tells Clang to put double-quotes around the entire filename, which is the convention used by NMake and Jom.

Configuration files

Configuration files group command-line options and allow all of them to be specified just by referencing the configuration file. They may be used, for example, to collect options required to tune compilation for particular target, such as -L, -I, -l, –sysroot, codegen options, etc.

The command line option –config can be used to specify configuration file in a Clang invocation. For example:

clang --config /home/user/cfgs/testing.txt
clang --config debug.cfg

If the provided argument contains a directory separator, it is considered as a file path, and options are read from that file. Otherwise the argument is treated as a file name and is searched for sequentially in the directories:

  • user directory,

  • system directory,

  • the directory where Clang executable resides.

Both user and system directories for configuration files are specified during clang build using CMake parameters, CLANG_CONFIG_FILE_USER_DIR and CLANG_CONFIG_FILE_SYSTEM_DIR respectively. The first file found is used. It is an error if the required file cannot be found.

Another way to specify a configuration file is to encode it in executable name. For example, if the Clang executable is named armv7l-clang (it may be a symbolic link to clang), then Clang will search for file armv7l.cfg in the directory where Clang resides.

If a driver mode is specified in invocation, Clang tries to find a file specific for the specified mode. For example, if the executable file is named x86_64-clang-cl, Clang first looks for x86_64-cl.cfg and if it is not found, looks for x86_64.cfg.

If the command line contains options that effectively change target architecture (these are -m32, -EL, and some others) and the configuration file starts with an architecture name, Clang tries to load the configuration file for the effective architecture. For example, invocation:

x86_64-clang -m32 abc.c

causes Clang search for a file i368.cfg first, and if no such file is found, Clang looks for the file x86_64.cfg.

The configuration file consists of command-line options specified on one or more lines. Lines composed of whitespace characters only are ignored as well as lines in which the first non-blank character is #. Long options may be split between several lines by a trailing backslash. Here is example of a configuration file:

# Several options on line
-c --target=x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu

# Long option split between lines
-I/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/5.4.0/../../../../\
include/c++/5.4.0

# other config files may be included
@linux.options

Files included by @file directives in configuration files are resolved relative to the including file. For example, if a configuration file ~/.llvm/target.cfg contains the directive @os/linux.opts, the file linux.opts is searched for in the directory ~/.llvm/os.

Language and Target-Independent Features

Controlling Errors and Warnings

Clang provides a number of ways to control which code constructs cause it to emit errors and warning messages, and how they are displayed to the console.

Controlling How Clang Displays Diagnostics

When Clang emits a diagnostic, it includes rich information in the output, and gives you fine-grain control over which information is printed. Clang has the ability to print this information, and these are the options that control it:

  1. A file/line/column indicator that shows exactly where the diagnostic occurs in your code [-fshow-column, -fshow-source-location].

  2. A categorization of the diagnostic as a note, warning, error, or fatal error.

  3. A text string that describes what the problem is.

  4. An option that indicates how to control the diagnostic (for diagnostics that support it) [-fdiagnostics-show-option].

  5. A high-level category for the diagnostic for clients that want to group diagnostics by class (for diagnostics that support it) [-fdiagnostics-show-category].

  6. The line of source code that the issue occurs on, along with a caret and ranges that indicate the important locations [-fcaret-diagnostics].

  7. “FixIt” information, which is a concise explanation of how to fix the problem (when Clang is certain it knows) [-fdiagnostics-fixit-info].

  8. A machine-parsable representation of the ranges involved (off by default) [-fdiagnostics-print-source-range-info].

For more information please see Formatting of Diagnostics.

Diagnostic Mappings

All diagnostics are mapped into one of these 6 classes:

  • Ignored

  • Note

  • Remark

  • Warning

  • Error

  • Fatal

Diagnostic Categories

Though not shown by default, diagnostics may each be associated with a high-level category. This category is intended to make it possible to triage builds that produce a large number of errors or warnings in a grouped way.

Categories are not shown by default, but they can be turned on with the -fdiagnostics-show-category option. When set to “name”, the category is printed textually in the diagnostic output. When it is set to “id”, a category number is printed. The mapping of category names to category id’s can be obtained by running ‘clang   --print-diagnostic-categories’.

Controlling Diagnostics via Command Line Flags

TODO: -W flags, -pedantic, etc

Controlling Diagnostics via Pragmas

Clang can also control what diagnostics are enabled through the use of pragmas in the source code. This is useful for turning off specific warnings in a section of source code. Clang supports GCC’s pragma for compatibility with existing source code, as well as several extensions.

The pragma may control any warning that can be used from the command line. Warnings may be set to ignored, warning, error, or fatal. The following example code will tell Clang or GCC to ignore the -Wall warnings:

#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wall"

In addition to all of the functionality provided by GCC’s pragma, Clang also allows you to push and pop the current warning state. This is particularly useful when writing a header file that will be compiled by other people, because you don’t know what warning flags they build with.

In the below example -Wextra-tokens is ignored for only a single line of code, after which the diagnostics return to whatever state had previously existed.

#if foo
#endif foo // warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive

#pragma clang diagnostic push
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wextra-tokens"

#if foo
#endif foo // no warning

#pragma clang diagnostic pop

The push and pop pragmas will save and restore the full diagnostic state of the compiler, regardless of how it was set. That means that it is possible to use push and pop around GCC compatible diagnostics and Clang will push and pop them appropriately, while GCC will ignore the pushes and pops as unknown pragmas. It should be noted that while Clang supports the GCC pragma, Clang and GCC do not support the exact same set of warnings, so even when using GCC compatible #pragmas there is no guarantee that they will have identical behaviour on both compilers.

In addition to controlling warnings and errors generated by the compiler, it is possible to generate custom warning and error messages through the following pragmas:

// The following will produce warning messages
#pragma message "some diagnostic message"
#pragma GCC warning "TODO: replace deprecated feature"

// The following will produce an error message
#pragma GCC error "Not supported"

These pragmas operate similarly to the #warning and #error preprocessor directives, except that they may also be embedded into preprocessor macros via the C99 _Pragma operator, for example:

#define STR(X) #X
#define DEFER(M,...) M(__VA_ARGS__)
#define CUSTOM_ERROR(X) _Pragma(STR(GCC error(X " at line " DEFER(STR,__LINE__))))

CUSTOM_ERROR("Feature not available");

Controlling Diagnostics in System Headers

Warnings are suppressed when they occur in system headers. By default, an included file is treated as a system header if it is found in an include path specified by -isystem, but this can be overridden in several ways.

The system_header pragma can be used to mark the current file as being a system header. No warnings will be produced from the location of the pragma onwards within the same file.

#if foo
#endif foo // warning: extra tokens at end of #endif directive

#pragma clang system_header

#if foo
#endif foo // no warning

The –system-header-prefix= and –no-system-header-prefix= command-line arguments can be used to override whether subsets of an include path are treated as system headers. When the name in a #include directive is found within a header search path and starts with a system prefix, the header is treated as a system header. The last prefix on the command-line which matches the specified header name takes precedence. For instance:

$ clang -Ifoo -isystem bar --system-header-prefix=x/ \
    --no-system-header-prefix=x/y/

Here, #include "x/a.h" is treated as including a system header, even if the header is found in foo, and #include "x/y/b.h" is treated as not including a system header, even if the header is found in bar.

A #include directive which finds a file relative to the current directory is treated as including a system header if the including file is treated as a system header.

Enabling All Diagnostics

In addition to the traditional -W flags, one can enable all diagnostics by passing -Weverything. This works as expected with -Werror, and also includes the warnings from -pedantic.

Note that when combined with -w (which disables all warnings), that flag wins.

Controlling Static Analyzer Diagnostics

While not strictly part of the compiler, the diagnostics from Clang’s static analyzer can also be influenced by the user via changes to the source code. See the available annotations and the analyzer’s FAQ page for more information.

Precompiled Headers

Precompiled headers are a general approach employed by many compilers to reduce compilation time. The underlying motivation of the approach is that it is common for the same (and often large) header files to be included by multiple source files. Consequently, compile times can often be greatly improved by caching some of the (redundant) work done by a compiler to process headers. Precompiled header files, which represent one of many ways to implement this optimization, are literally files that represent an on-disk cache that contains the vital information necessary to reduce some of the work needed to process a corresponding header file. While details of precompiled headers vary between compilers, precompiled headers have been shown to be highly effective at speeding up program compilation on systems with very large system headers (e.g., macOS).

Generating a PCH File

To generate a PCH file using Clang, one invokes Clang with the -x <language>-header option. This mirrors the interface in GCC for generating PCH files:

$ gcc -x c-header test.h -o test.h.gch
$ clang -x c-header test.h -o test.h.pch

Using a PCH File

A PCH file can then be used as a prefix header when a -include option is passed to clang:

$ clang -include test.h test.c -o test

The clang driver will first check if a PCH file for test.h is available; if so, the contents of test.h (and the files it includes) will be processed from the PCH file. Otherwise, Clang falls back to directly processing the content of test.h. This mirrors the behavior of GCC.

Note

Clang does not automatically use PCH files for headers that are directly included within a source file. For example:

$ clang -x c-header test.h -o test.h.pch
$ cat test.c
#include "test.h"
$ clang test.c -o test

In this example, clang will not automatically use the PCH file for test.h since test.h was included directly in the source file and not specified on the command line using -include.

Relocatable PCH Files

It is sometimes necessary to build a precompiled header from headers that are not yet in their final, installed locations. For example, one might build a precompiled header within the build tree that is then meant to be installed alongside the headers. Clang permits the creation of “relocatable” precompiled headers, which are built with a given path (into the build directory) and can later be used from an installed location.

To build a relocatable precompiled header, place your headers into a subdirectory whose structure mimics the installed location. For example, if you want to build a precompiled header for the header mylib.h that will be installed into /usr/include, create a subdirectory build/usr/include and place the header mylib.h into that subdirectory. If mylib.h depends on other headers, then they can be stored within build/usr/include in a way that mimics the installed location.

Building a relocatable precompiled header requires two additional arguments. First, pass the --relocatable-pch flag to indicate that the resulting PCH file should be relocatable. Second, pass -isysroot /path/to/build, which makes all includes for your library relative to the build directory. For example:

# clang -x c-header --relocatable-pch -isysroot /path/to/build /path/to/build/mylib.h mylib.h.pch

When loading the relocatable PCH file, the various headers used in the PCH file are found from the system header root. For example, mylib.h can be found in /usr/include/mylib.h. If the headers are installed in some other system root, the -isysroot option can be used provide a different system root from which the headers will be based. For example, -isysroot /Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk will look for mylib.h in /Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk/usr/include/mylib.h.

Relocatable precompiled headers are intended to be used in a limited number of cases where the compilation environment is tightly controlled and the precompiled header cannot be generated after headers have been installed.

Controlling Code Generation

Clang provides a number of ways to control code generation. The options are listed below.

-f[no-]sanitize=check1,check2,…

Turn on runtime checks for various forms of undefined or suspicious behavior.

This option controls whether Clang adds runtime checks for various forms of undefined or suspicious behavior, and is disabled by default. If a check fails, a diagnostic message is produced at runtime explaining the problem. The main checks are:

There are more fine-grained checks available: see the list of specific kinds of undefined behavior that can be detected and the list of control flow integrity schemes.

The -fsanitize= argument must also be provided when linking, in order to link to the appropriate runtime library.

It is not possible to combine more than one of the -fsanitize=address, -fsanitize=thread, and -fsanitize=memory checkers in the same program.

-f[no-]sanitize-recover=check1,check2,…

-f[no-]sanitize-recover=all

Controls which checks enabled by -fsanitize= flag are non-fatal. If the check is fatal, program will halt after the first error of this kind is detected and error report is printed.

By default, non-fatal checks are those enabled by UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer, except for -fsanitize=return and -fsanitize=unreachable. Some sanitizers may not support recovery (or not support it by default e.g. AddressSanitizer), and always crash the program after the issue is detected.

Note that the -fsanitize-trap flag has precedence over this flag. This means that if a check has been configured to trap elsewhere on the command line, or if the check traps by default, this flag will not have any effect unless that sanitizer’s trapping behavior is disabled with -fno-sanitize-trap.

For example, if a command line contains the flags -fsanitize=undefined -fsanitize-trap=undefined, the flag -fsanitize-recover=alignment will have no effect on its own; it will need to be accompanied by -fno-sanitize-trap=alignment.

-f[no-]sanitize-trap=check1,check2,…

Controls which checks enabled by the -fsanitize= flag trap. This option is intended for use in cases where the sanitizer runtime cannot be used (for instance, when building libc or a kernel module), or where the binary size increase caused by the sanitizer runtime is a concern.

This flag is only compatible with control flow integrity schemes and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer checks other than vptr. If this flag is supplied together with -fsanitize=undefined, the vptr sanitizer will be implicitly disabled.

This flag is enabled by default for sanitizers in the cfi group.

-fsanitize-blacklist=/path/to/blacklist/file

Disable or modify sanitizer checks for objects (source files, functions, variables, types) listed in the file. See Sanitizer special case list for file format description.

-fno-sanitize-blacklist

Don’t use blacklist file, if it was specified earlier in the command line.

-f[no-]sanitize-coverage=[type,features,…]

Enable simple code coverage in addition to certain sanitizers. See SanitizerCoverage for more details.

-f[no-]sanitize-stats

Enable simple statistics gathering for the enabled sanitizers. See SanitizerStats for more details.

-fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error

Deprecated alias for -fsanitize-trap=undefined.

-fsanitize-cfi-cross-dso

Enable cross-DSO control flow integrity checks. This flag modifies the behavior of sanitizers in the cfi group to allow checking of cross-DSO virtual and indirect calls.

-fsanitize-cfi-icall-generalize-pointers

Generalize pointers in return and argument types in function type signatures checked by Control Flow Integrity indirect call checking. See Control Flow Integrity for more details.

-fstrict-vtable-pointers

Enable optimizations based on the strict rules for overwriting polymorphic C++ objects, i.e. the vptr is invariant during an object’s lifetime. This enables better devirtualization. Turned off by default, because it is still experimental.

-ffast-math

Enable fast-math mode. This defines the __FAST_MATH__ preprocessor macro, and lets the compiler make aggressive, potentially-lossy assumptions about floating-point math. These include:

  • Floating-point math obeys regular algebraic rules for real numbers (e.g. + and * are associative, x/y == x * (1/y), and (a + b) * c == a * c + b * c),

  • operands to floating-point operations are not equal to NaN and Inf, and

  • +0 and -0 are interchangeable.

-fdenormal-fp-math=[values]

Select which denormal numbers the code is permitted to require.

Valid values are: ieee, preserve-sign, and positive-zero, which correspond to IEEE 754 denormal numbers, the sign of a flushed-to-zero number is preserved in the sign of 0, denormals are flushed to positive zero, respectively.

-f[no-]strict-float-cast-overflow

When a floating-point value is not representable in a destination integer type, the code has undefined behavior according to the language standard. By default, Clang will not guarantee any particular result in that case. With the ‘no-strict’ option, Clang attempts to match the overflowing behavior of the target’s native float-to-int conversion instructions.

-fwhole-program-vtables

Enable whole-program vtable optimizations, such as single-implementation devirtualization and virtual constant propagation, for classes with hidden LTO visibility. Requires -flto.

-fforce-emit-vtables

In order to improve devirtualization, forces emitting of vtables even in modules where it isn’t necessary. It causes more inline virtual functions to be emitted.

-fno-assume-sane-operator-new

Don’t assume that the C++’s new operator is sane.

This option tells the compiler to do not assume that C++’s global new operator will always return a pointer that does not alias any other pointer when the function returns.

-ftrap-function=[name]

Instruct code generator to emit a function call to the specified function name for __builtin_trap().

LLVM code generator translates __builtin_trap() to a trap instruction if it is supported by the target ISA. Otherwise, the builtin is translated into a call to abort. If this option is set, then the code generator will always lower the builtin to a call to the specified function regardless of whether the target ISA has a trap instruction. This option is useful for environments (e.g. deeply embedded) where a trap cannot be properly handled, or when some custom behavior is desired.

-ftls-model=[model]

Select which TLS model to use.

Valid values are: global-dynamic, local-dynamic, initial-exec and local-exec. The default value is global-dynamic. The compiler may use a different model if the selected model is not supported by the target, or if a more efficient model can be used. The TLS model can be overridden per variable using the tls_model attribute.

-femulated-tls

Select emulated TLS model, which overrides all -ftls-model choices.

In emulated TLS mode, all access to TLS variables are converted to calls to __emutls_get_address in the runtime library.

-mhwdiv=[values]

Select the ARM modes (arm or thumb) that support hardware division instructions.

Valid values are: arm, thumb and arm,thumb. This option is used to indicate which mode (arm or thumb) supports hardware division instructions. This only applies to the ARM architecture.

-m[no-]crc

Enable or disable CRC instructions.

This option is used to indicate whether CRC instructions are to be generated. This only applies to the ARM architecture.

CRC instructions are enabled by default on ARMv8.

-mgeneral-regs-only

Generate code which only uses the general purpose registers.

This option restricts the generated code to use general registers only. This only applies to the AArch64 architecture.

-mcompact-branches=[values]

Control the usage of compact branches for MIPSR6.

Valid values are: never, optimal and always. The default value is optimal which generates compact branches when a delay slot cannot be filled. never disables the usage of compact branches and always generates compact branches whenever possible.

-f[no-]max-type-align=[number]

Instruct the code generator to not enforce a higher alignment than the given number (of bytes) when accessing memory via an opaque pointer or reference. This cap is ignored when directly accessing a variable or when the pointee type has an explicit “aligned” attribute.

The value should usually be determined by the properties of the system allocator. Some builtin types, especially vector types, have very high natural alignments; when working with values of those types, Clang usually wants to use instructions that take advantage of that alignment. However, many system allocators do not promise to return memory that is more than 8-byte or 16-byte-aligned. Use this option to limit the alignment that the compiler can assume for an arbitrary pointer, which may point onto the heap.

This option does not affect the ABI alignment of types; the layout of structs and unions and the value returned by the alignof operator remain the same.

This option can be overridden on a case-by-case basis by putting an explicit “aligned” alignment on a struct, union, or typedef. For example:

#include <immintrin.h>
// Make an aligned typedef of the AVX-512 16-int vector type.
typedef __v16si __aligned_v16si __attribute__((aligned(64)));

void initialize_vector(__aligned_v16si *v) {
  // The compiler may assume that ‘v’ is 64-byte aligned, regardless of the
  // value of -fmax-type-align.
}
-faddrsig, -fno-addrsig

Controls whether Clang emits an address-significance table into the object file. Address-significance tables allow linkers to implement safe ICF without the false positives that can result from other implementation techniques such as relocation scanning. Address-significance tables are enabled by default on ELF targets when using the integrated assembler. This flag currently only has an effect on ELF targets.

Profile Guided Optimization

Profile information enables better optimization. For example, knowing that a branch is taken very frequently helps the compiler make better decisions when ordering basic blocks. Knowing that a function foo is called more frequently than another function bar helps the inliner. Optimization levels -O2 and above are recommended for use of profile guided optimization.

Clang supports profile guided optimization with two different kinds of profiling. A sampling profiler can generate a profile with very low runtime overhead, or you can build an instrumented version of the code that collects more detailed profile information. Both kinds of profiles can provide execution counts for instructions in the code and information on branches taken and function invocation.

Regardless of which kind of profiling you use, be careful to collect profiles by running your code with inputs that are representative of the typical behavior. Code that is not exercised in the profile will be optimized as if it is unimportant, and the compiler may make poor optimization choices for code that is disproportionately used while profiling.

Differences Between Sampling and Instrumentation

Although both techniques are used for similar purposes, there are important differences between the two:

  1. Profile data generated with one cannot be used by the other, and there is no conversion tool that can convert one to the other. So, a profile generated via -fprofile-instr-generate must be used with -fprofile-instr-use. Similarly, sampling profiles generated by external profilers must be converted and used with -fprofile-sample-use.

  2. Instrumentation profile data can be used for code coverage analysis and optimization.

  3. Sampling profiles can only be used for optimization. They cannot be used for code coverage analysis. Although it would be technically possible to use sampling profiles for code coverage, sample-based profiles are too coarse-grained for code coverage purposes; it would yield poor results.

  4. Sampling profiles must be generated by an external tool. The profile generated by that tool must then be converted into a format that can be read by LLVM. The section on sampling profilers describes one of the supported sampling profile formats.

Using Sampling Profilers

Sampling profilers are used to collect runtime information, such as hardware counters, while your application executes. They are typically very efficient and do not incur a large runtime overhead. The sample data collected by the profiler can be used during compilation to determine what the most executed areas of the code are.

Using the data from a sample profiler requires some changes in the way a program is built. Before the compiler can use profiling information, the code needs to execute under the profiler. The following is the usual build cycle when using sample profilers for optimization:

  1. Build the code with source line table information. You can use all the usual build flags that you always build your application with. The only requirement is that you add -gline-tables-only or -g to the command line. This is important for the profiler to be able to map instructions back to source line locations.

    $ clang++ -O2 -gline-tables-only code.cc -o code

  2. Run the executable under a sampling profiler. The specific profiler you use does not really matter, as long as its output can be converted into the format that the LLVM optimizer understands. Currently, there exists a conversion tool for the Linux Perf profiler (https://perf.wiki.kernel.org/), so these examples assume that you are using Linux Perf to profile your code.

    $ perf record -b ./code

    Note the use of the -b flag. This tells Perf to use the Last Branch Record (LBR) to record call chains. While this is not strictly required, it provides better call information, which improves the accuracy of the profile data.

  3. Convert the collected profile data to LLVM’s sample profile format. This is currently supported via the AutoFDO converter create_llvm_prof. It is available at https://github.com/google/autofdo. Once built and installed, you can convert the perf.data file to LLVM using the command:

    $ create_llvm_prof --binary=./code --out=code.prof

    This will read perf.data and the binary file ./code and emit the profile data in code.prof. Note that if you ran perf without the -b flag, you need to use --use_lbr=false when calling create_llvm_prof.

  4. Build the code again using the collected profile. This step feeds the profile back to the optimizers. This should result in a binary that executes faster than the original one. Note that you are not required to build the code with the exact same arguments that you used in the first step. The only requirement is that you build the code with -gline-tables-only and -fprofile-sample-use.

    $ clang++ -O2 -gline-tables-only -fprofile-sample-use=code.prof code.cc -o code
Sample Profile Formats

Since external profilers generate profile data in a variety of custom formats, the data generated by the profiler must be converted into a format that can be read by the backend. LLVM supports three different sample profile formats:

  1. ASCII text. This is the easiest one to generate. The file is divided into sections, which correspond to each of the functions with profile information. The format is described below. It can also be generated from the binary or gcov formats using the llvm-profdata tool.

  2. Binary encoding. This uses a more efficient encoding that yields smaller profile files. This is the format generated by the create_llvm_prof tool in https://github.com/google/autofdo.

  3. GCC encoding. This is based on the gcov format, which is accepted by GCC. It is only interesting in environments where GCC and Clang co-exist. This encoding is only generated by the create_gcov tool in https://github.com/google/autofdo. It can be read by LLVM and llvm-profdata, but it cannot be generated by either.

If you are using Linux Perf to generate sampling profiles, you can use the conversion tool create_llvm_prof described in the previous section. Otherwise, you will need to write a conversion tool that converts your profiler’s native format into one of these three.

Sample Profile Text Format

This section describes the ASCII text format for sampling profiles. It is, arguably, the easiest one to generate. If you are interested in generating any of the other two, consult the ProfileData library in LLVM’s source tree (specifically, include/llvm/ProfileData/SampleProfReader.h).

function1:total_samples:total_head_samples
 offset1[.discriminator]: number_of_samples [fn1:num fn2:num ... ]
 offset2[.discriminator]: number_of_samples [fn3:num fn4:num ... ]
 ...
 offsetN[.discriminator]: number_of_samples [fn5:num fn6:num ... ]
 offsetA[.discriminator]: fnA:num_of_total_samples
  offsetA1[.discriminator]: number_of_samples [fn7:num fn8:num ... ]
  offsetA1[.discriminator]: number_of_samples [fn9:num fn10:num ... ]
  offsetB[.discriminator]: fnB:num_of_total_samples
   offsetB1[.discriminator]: number_of_samples [fn11:num fn12:num ... ]

This is a nested tree in which the indentation represents the nesting level of the inline stack. There are no blank lines in the file. And the spacing within a single line is fixed. Additional spaces will result in an error while reading the file.

Any line starting with the ‘#’ character is completely ignored.

Inlined calls are represented with indentation. The Inline stack is a stack of source locations in which the top of the stack represents the leaf function, and the bottom of the stack represents the actual symbol to which the instruction belongs.

Function names must be mangled in order for the profile loader to match them in the current translation unit. The two numbers in the function header specify how many total samples were accumulated in the function (first number), and the total number of samples accumulated in the prologue of the function (second number). This head sample count provides an indicator of how frequently the function is invoked.

There are two types of lines in the function body.

  • Sampled line represents the profile information of a source location. offsetN[.discriminator]: number_of_samples [fn5:num fn6:num ... ]

  • Callsite line represents the profile information of an inlined callsite. offsetA[.discriminator]: fnA:num_of_total_samples

Each sampled line may contain several items. Some are optional (marked below):

  1. Source line offset. This number represents the line number in the function where the sample was collected. The line number is always relative to the line where symbol of the function is defined. So, if the function has its header at line 280, the offset 13 is at line 293 in the file.

    Note that this offset should never be a negative number. This could happen in cases like macros. The debug machinery will register the line number at the point of macro expansion. So, if the macro was expanded in a line before the start of the function, the profile converter should emit a 0 as the offset (this means that the optimizers will not be able to associate a meaningful weight to the instructions in the macro).

  2. [OPTIONAL] Discriminator. This is used if the sampled program was compiled with DWARF discriminator support (http://wiki.dwarfstd.org/index.php?title=Path_Discriminators). DWARF discriminators are unsigned integer values that allow the compiler to distinguish between multiple execution paths on the same source line location.

    For example, consider the line of code if (cond) foo(); else bar();. If the predicate cond is true 80% of the time, then the edge into function foo should be considered to be taken most of the time. But both calls to foo and bar are at the same source line, so a sample count at that line is not sufficient. The compiler needs to know which part of that line is taken more frequently.

    This is what discriminators provide. In this case, the calls to foo and bar will be at the same line, but will have different discriminator values. This allows the compiler to correctly set edge weights into foo and bar.

  3. Number of samples. This is an integer quantity representing the number of samples collected by the profiler at this source location.

  4. [OPTIONAL] Potential call targets and samples. If present, this line contains a call instruction. This models both direct and number of samples. For example,

    130: 7  foo:3  bar:2  baz:7

    The above means that at relative line offset 130 there is a call instruction that calls one of foo(), bar() and baz(), with baz() being the relatively more frequently called target.

As an example, consider a program with the call chain main -> foo -> bar. When built with optimizations enabled, the compiler may inline the calls to bar and foo inside main. The generated profile could then be something like this:

main:35504:0
1: _Z3foov:35504
  2: _Z32bari:31977
  1.1: 31977
2: 0

This profile indicates that there were a total of 35,504 samples collected in main. All of those were at line 1 (the call to foo). Of those, 31,977 were spent inside the body of bar. The last line of the profile (2: 0) corresponds to line 2 inside main. No samples were collected there.

Profiling with Instrumentation

Clang also supports profiling via instrumentation. This requires building a special instrumented version of the code and has some runtime overhead during the profiling, but it provides more detailed results than a sampling profiler. It also provides reproducible results, at least to the extent that the code behaves consistently across runs.

Here are the steps for using profile guided optimization with instrumentation:

  1. Build an instrumented version of the code by compiling and linking with the -fprofile-instr-generate option.

    $ clang++ -O2 -fprofile-instr-generate code.cc -o code

  2. Run the instrumented executable with inputs that reflect the typical usage. By default, the profile data will be written to a default.profraw file in the current directory. You can override that default by using option -fprofile-instr-generate= or by setting the LLVM_PROFILE_FILE environment variable to specify an alternate file. If non-default file name is specified by both the environment variable and the command line option, the environment variable takes precedence. The file name pattern specified can include different modifiers: %p, %h, and %m.

    Any instance of %p in that file name will be replaced by the process ID, so that you can easily distinguish the profile output from multiple runs.

    $ LLVM_PROFILE_FILE="code-%p.profraw" ./code

    The modifier %h can be used in scenarios where the same instrumented binary is run in multiple different host machines dumping profile data to a shared network based storage. The %h specifier will be substituted with the hostname so that profiles collected from different hosts do not clobber each other.

    While the use of %p specifier can reduce the likelihood for the profiles dumped from different processes to clobber each other, such clobbering can still happen because of the pid re-use by the OS. Another side-effect of using %p is that the storage requirement for raw profile data files is greatly increased. To avoid issues like this, the %m specifier can used in the profile name. When this specifier is used, the profiler runtime will substitute %m with a unique integer identifier associated with the instrumented binary. Additionally, multiple raw profiles dumped from different processes that share a file system (can be on different hosts) will be automatically merged by the profiler runtime during the dumping. If the program links in multiple instrumented shared libraries, each library will dump the profile data into its own profile data file (with its unique integer id embedded in the profile name). Note that the merging enabled by %m is for raw profile data generated by profiler runtime. The resulting merged “raw” profile data file still needs to be converted to a different format expected by the compiler ( see step 3 below).

    $ LLVM_PROFILE_FILE="code-%m.profraw" ./code

  3. Combine profiles from multiple runs and convert the “raw” profile format to the input expected by clang. Use the merge command of the llvm-profdata tool to do this.

    $ llvm-profdata merge -output=code.profdata code-*.profraw

    Note that this step is necessary even when there is only one “raw” profile, since the merge operation also changes the file format.

  4. Build the code again using the -fprofile-instr-use option to specify the collected profile data.

    $ clang++ -O2 -fprofile-instr-use=code.profdata code.cc -o code

    You can repeat step 4 as often as you like without regenerating the profile. As you make changes to your code, clang may no longer be able to use the profile data. It will warn you when this happens.

Profile generation using an alternative instrumentation method can be controlled by the GCC-compatible flags -fprofile-generate and -fprofile-use. Although these flags are semantically equivalent to their GCC counterparts, they do not handle GCC-compatible profiles. They are only meant to implement GCC’s semantics with respect to profile creation and use. Flag -fcs-profile-generate also instruments programs using the same instrumentation method as -fprofile-generate.

-fprofile-generate[=<dirname>]

The -fprofile-generate and -fprofile-generate= flags will use an alternative instrumentation method for profile generation. When given a directory name, it generates the profile file default_%m.profraw in the directory named dirname if specified. If dirname does not exist, it will be created at runtime. %m specifier will be substituted with a unique id documented in step 2 above. In other words, with -fprofile-generate[=<dirname>] option, the “raw” profile data automatic merging is turned on by default, so there will no longer any risk of profile clobbering from different running processes. For example,

$ clang++ -O2 -fprofile-generate=yyy/zzz code.cc -o code

When code is executed, the profile will be written to the file yyy/zzz/default_xxxx.profraw.

To generate the profile data file with the compiler readable format, the llvm-profdata tool can be used with the profile directory as the input:

$ llvm-profdata merge -output=code.profdata yyy/zzz/

If the user wants to turn off the auto-merging feature, or simply override the the profile dumping path specified at command line, the environment variable LLVM_PROFILE_FILE can still be used to override the directory and filename for the profile file at runtime.

-fcs-profile-generate[=<dirname>]

The -fcs-profile-generate and -fcs-profile-generate= flags will use the same instrumentation method, and generate the same profile as in the -fprofile-generate and -fprofile-generate= flags. The difference is that the instrumentation is performed after inlining so that the resulted profile has a better context sensitive information. They cannot be used together with -fprofile-generate and -fprofile-generate= flags. They are typically used in conjunction with -fprofile-use flag. The profile generated by -fcs-profile-generate and -fprofile-generate can be merged by llvm-profdata. A use example:

$ clang++ -O2 -fprofile-generate=yyy/zzz code.cc -o code
$ ./code
$ llvm-profdata merge -output=code.profdata yyy/zzz/

The first few steps are the same as that in -fprofile-generate compilation. Then perform a second round of instrumentation.

$ clang++ -O2 -fprofile-use=code.profdata -fcs-profile-generate=sss/ttt \
  -o cs_code
$ ./cs_code
$ llvm-profdata merge -output=cs_code.profdata sss/ttt code.profdata

The resulted cs_code.prodata combines code.profdata and the profile generated from binary cs_code. Profile cs_code.profata can be used by -fprofile-use compilaton.

$ clang++ -O2 -fprofile-use=cs_code.profdata

The above command will read both profiles to the compiler at the identical point of instrumenations.

-fprofile-use[=<pathname>]

Without any other arguments, -fprofile-use behaves identically to -fprofile-instr-use. Otherwise, if pathname is the full path to a profile file, it reads from that file. If pathname is a directory name, it reads from pathname/default.profdata.

Disabling Instrumentation

In certain situations, it may be useful to disable profile generation or use for specific files in a build, without affecting the main compilation flags used for the other files in the project.

In these cases, you can use the flag -fno-profile-instr-generate (or -fno-profile-generate) to disable profile generation, and -fno-profile-instr-use (or -fno-profile-use) to disable profile use.

Note that these flags should appear after the corresponding profile flags to have an effect.

Profile remapping

When the program is compiled after a change that affects many symbol names, pre-existing profile data may no longer match the program. For example:

  • switching from libstdc++ to libc++ will result in the mangled names of all functions taking standard library types to change

  • renaming a widely-used type in C++ will result in the mangled names of all functions that have parameters involving that type to change

  • moving from a 32-bit compilation to a 64-bit compilation may change the underlying type of size_t and similar types, resulting in changes to manglings

Clang allows use of a profile remapping file to specify that such differences in mangled names should be ignored when matching the profile data against the program.

-fprofile-remapping-file=<file>

Specifies a file containing profile remapping information, that will be used to match mangled names in the profile data to mangled names in the program.

The profile remapping file is a text file containing lines of the form

fragmentkind fragment1 fragment2

where fragmentkind is one of name, type, or encoding, indicating whether the following mangled name fragments are <name>s, <type>s, or <encoding>s, respectively. Blank lines and lines starting with # are ignored.

For convenience, built-in <substitution>s such as St and Ss are accepted as <name>s (even though they technically are not <name>s).

For example, to specify that absl::string_view and std::string_view should be treated as equivalent when matching profile data, the following remapping file could be used:

# absl::string_view is considered equivalent to std::string_view
type N4absl11string_viewE St17basic_string_viewIcSt11char_traitsIcEE

# std:: might be std::__1:: in libc++ or std::__cxx11:: in libstdc++
name 3std St3__1
name 3std St7__cxx11

Matching profile data using a profile remapping file is supported on a best-effort basis. For example, information regarding indirect call targets is currently not remapped. For best results, you are encouraged to generate new profile data matching the updated program, or to remap the profile data using the llvm-cxxmap and llvm-profdata merge tools.

Note

Profile data remapping support is currently only implemented for LLVM’s new pass manager, which can be enabled with -fexperimental-new-pass-manager.

Note

Profile data remapping is currently only supported for C++ mangled names following the Itanium C++ ABI mangling scheme. This covers all C++ targets supported by Clang other than Windows.

GCOV-based Profiling

GCOV is a test coverage program, it helps to know how often a line of code is executed. When instrumenting the code with --coverage option, some counters are added for each edge linking basic blocks.

At compile time, gcno files are generated containing information about blocks and edges between them. At runtime the counters are incremented and at exit the counters are dumped in gcda files.

The tool llvm-cov gcov will parse gcno, gcda and source files to generate a report .c.gcov.

-fprofile-filter-files=[regexes]

Define a list of regexes separated by a semi-colon. If a file name matches any of the regexes then the file is instrumented.

$ clang --coverage -fprofile-filter-files=".*\.c$" foo.c

For example, this will only instrument files finishing with .c, skipping .h files.

-fprofile-exclude-files=[regexes]

Define a list of regexes separated by a semi-colon. If a file name doesn’t match all the regexes then the file is instrumented.

$ clang --coverage -fprofile-exclude-files="^/usr/include/.*$" foo.c

For example, this will instrument all the files except the ones in /usr/include.

If both options are used then a file is instrumented if its name matches any of the regexes from -fprofile-filter-list and doesn’t match all the regexes from -fprofile-exclude-list.

$ clang --coverage -fprofile-exclude-files="^/usr/include/.*$" \
        -fprofile-filter-files="^/usr/.*$"

In that case /usr/foo/oof.h is instrumented since it matches the filter regex and doesn’t match the exclude regex, but /usr/include/foo.h doesn’t since it matches the exclude regex.

Controlling Debug Information

Controlling Size of Debug Information

Debug info kind generated by Clang can be set by one of the flags listed below. If multiple flags are present, the last one is used.

-g0

Don’t generate any debug info (default).

-gline-tables-only

Generate line number tables only.

This kind of debug info allows to obtain stack traces with function names, file names and line numbers (by such tools as gdb or addr2line). It doesn’t contain any other data (e.g. description of local variables or function parameters).

-fstandalone-debug

Clang supports a number of optimizations to reduce the size of debug information in the binary. They work based on the assumption that the debug type information can be spread out over multiple compilation units. For instance, Clang will not emit type definitions for types that are not needed by a module and could be replaced with a forward declaration. Further, Clang will only emit type info for a dynamic C++ class in the module that contains the vtable for the class.

The -fstandalone-debug option turns off these optimizations. This is useful when working with 3rd-party libraries that don’t come with debug information. Note that Clang will never emit type information for types that are not referenced at all by the program.

-fno-standalone-debug

On Darwin -fstandalone-debug is enabled by default. The -fno-standalone-debug option can be used to get to turn on the vtable-based optimization described above.

-g

Generate complete debug info.

Controlling Macro Debug Info Generation

Debug info for C preprocessor macros increases the size of debug information in the binary. Macro debug info generated by Clang can be controlled by the flags listed below.

-fdebug-macro

Generate debug info for preprocessor macros. This flag is discarded when -g0 is enabled.

-fno-debug-macro

Do not generate debug info for preprocessor macros (default).

Controlling Debugger “Tuning”

While Clang generally emits standard DWARF debug info (http://dwarfstd.org), different debuggers may know how to take advantage of different specific DWARF features. You can “tune” the debug info for one of several different debuggers.

-ggdb, -glldb, -gsce

Tune the debug info for the gdb, lldb, or Sony PlayStation® debugger, respectively. Each of these options implies -g. (Therefore, if you want both -gline-tables-only and debugger tuning, the tuning option must come first.)

Controlling LLVM IR Output

Controlling Value Names in LLVM IR

Emitting value names in LLVM IR increases the size and verbosity of the IR. By default, value names are only emitted in assertion-enabled builds of Clang. However, when reading IR it can be useful to re-enable the emission of value names to improve readability.

-fdiscard-value-names

Discard value names when generating LLVM IR.

-fno-discard-value-names

Do not discard value names when generating LLVM IR. This option can be used to re-enable names for release builds of Clang.

Comment Parsing Options

Clang parses Doxygen and non-Doxygen style documentation comments and attaches them to the appropriate declaration nodes. By default, it only parses Doxygen-style comments and ignores ordinary comments starting with // and /*.

-Wdocumentation

Emit warnings about use of documentation comments. This warning group is off by default.

This includes checking that \param commands name parameters that actually present in the function signature, checking that \returns is used only on functions that actually return a value etc.

-Wno-documentation-unknown-command

Don’t warn when encountering an unknown Doxygen command.

-fparse-all-comments

Parse all comments as documentation comments (including ordinary comments starting with // and /*).

-fcomment-block-commands=[commands]

Define custom documentation commands as block commands. This allows Clang to construct the correct AST for these custom commands, and silences warnings about unknown commands. Several commands must be separated by a comma without trailing space; e.g. -fcomment-block-commands=foo,bar defines custom commands \foo and \bar.

It is also possible to use -fcomment-block-commands several times; e.g. -fcomment-block-commands=foo -fcomment-block-commands=bar does the same as above.

C Language Features

The support for standard C in clang is feature-complete except for the C99 floating-point pragmas.

Differences between various standard modes

clang supports the -std option, which changes what language mode clang uses. The supported modes for C are c89, gnu89, c99, gnu99, c11, gnu11, c17, gnu17, and various aliases for those modes. If no -std option is specified, clang defaults to gnu11 mode. Many C99 and C11 features are supported in earlier modes as a conforming extension, with a warning. Use -pedantic-errors to request an error if a feature from a later standard revision is used in an earlier mode.

Differences between all c* and gnu* modes:

  • c* modes define “__STRICT_ANSI__”.

  • Target-specific defines not prefixed by underscores, like “linux”, are defined in gnu* modes.

  • Trigraphs default to being off in gnu* modes; they can be enabled by the -trigraphs option.

  • The parser recognizes “asm” and “typeof” as keywords in gnu* modes; the variants “__asm__” and “__typeof__” are recognized in all modes.

  • The Apple “blocks” extension is recognized by default in gnu* modes on some platforms; it can be enabled in any mode with the “-fblocks” option.

  • Arrays that are VLA’s according to the standard, but which can be constant folded by the frontend are treated as fixed size arrays. This occurs for things like “int X[(1, 2)];”, which is technically a VLA. c* modes are strictly compliant and treat these as VLAs.

Differences between *89 and *99 modes:

  • The *99 modes default to implementing “inline” as specified in C99, while the *89 modes implement the GNU version. This can be overridden for individual functions with the __gnu_inline__ attribute.

  • Digraphs are not recognized in c89 mode.

  • The scope of names defined inside a “for”, “if”, “switch”, “while”, or “do” statement is different. (example: “if ((struct x {int x;}*)0) {}”.)

  • __STDC_VERSION__ is not defined in *89 modes.

  • “inline” is not recognized as a keyword in c89 mode.

  • “restrict” is not recognized as a keyword in *89 modes.

  • Commas are allowed in integer constant expressions in *99 modes.

  • Arrays which are not lvalues are not implicitly promoted to pointers in *89 modes.

  • Some warnings are different.

Differences between *99 and *11 modes:

  • Warnings for use of C11 features are disabled.

  • __STDC_VERSION__ is defined to 201112L rather than 199901L.

Differences between *11 and *17 modes:

  • __STDC_VERSION__ is defined to 201710L rather than 201112L.

GCC extensions not implemented yet

clang tries to be compatible with gcc as much as possible, but some gcc extensions are not implemented yet:

  • clang does not support decimal floating point types (_Decimal32 and friends) or fixed-point types (_Fract and friends); nobody has expressed interest in these features yet, so it’s hard to say when they will be implemented.

  • clang does not support nested functions; this is a complex feature which is infrequently used, so it is unlikely to be implemented anytime soon. In C++11 it can be emulated by assigning lambda functions to local variables, e.g:

    auto const local_function = [&](int parameter) {
  // Do something
};
...
local_function(1);

  • clang only supports global register variables when the register specified is non-allocatable (e.g. the stack pointer). Support for general global register variables is unlikely to be implemented soon because it requires additional LLVM backend support.

  • clang does not support static initialization of flexible array members. This appears to be a rarely used extension, but could be implemented pending user demand.

  • clang does not support __builtin_va_arg_pack/__builtin_va_arg_pack_len. This is used rarely, but in some potentially interesting places, like the glibc headers, so it may be implemented pending user demand. Note that because clang pretends to be like GCC 4.2, and this extension was introduced in 4.3, the glibc headers will not try to use this extension with clang at the moment.

  • clang does not support the gcc extension for forward-declaring function parameters; this has not shown up in any real-world code yet, though, so it might never be implemented.

This is not a complete list; if you find an unsupported extension missing from this list, please send an e-mail to cfe-dev. This list currently excludes C++; see C++ Language Features. Also, this list does not include bugs in mostly-implemented features; please see the bug tracker for known existing bugs (FIXME: Is there a section for bug-reporting guidelines somewhere?).

Intentionally unsupported GCC extensions

  • clang does not support the gcc extension that allows variable-length arrays in structures. This is for a few reasons: one, it is tricky to implement, two, the extension is completely undocumented, and three, the extension appears to be rarely used. Note that clang does support flexible array members (arrays with a zero or unspecified size at the end of a structure).

  • clang does not have an equivalent to gcc’s “fold”; this means that clang doesn’t accept some constructs gcc might accept in contexts where a constant expression is required, like “x-x” where x is a variable.

  • clang does not support __builtin_apply and friends; this extension is extremely obscure and difficult to implement reliably.

Microsoft extensions

clang has support for many extensions from Microsoft Visual C++. To enable these extensions, use the -fms-extensions command-line option. This is the default for Windows targets. Clang does not implement every pragma or declspec provided by MSVC, but the popular ones, such as __declspec(dllexport) and #pragma comment(lib) are well supported.

clang has a -fms-compatibility flag that makes clang accept enough invalid C++ to be able to parse most Microsoft headers. For example, it allows unqualified lookup of dependent base class members, which is a common compatibility issue with clang. This flag is enabled by default for Windows targets.

-fdelayed-template-parsing lets clang delay parsing of function template definitions until the end of a translation unit. This flag is enabled by default for Windows targets.

For compatibility with existing code that compiles with MSVC, clang defines the _MSC_VER and _MSC_FULL_VER macros. These default to the values of 1800 and 180000000 respectively, making clang look like an early release of Visual C++ 2013. The -fms-compatibility-version= flag overrides these values. It accepts a dotted version tuple, such as 19.00.23506. Changing the MSVC compatibility version makes clang behave more like that version of MSVC. For example, -fms-compatibility-version=19 will enable C++14 features and define char16_t and char32_t as builtin types.

C++ Language Features

clang fully implements all of standard C++98 except for exported templates (which were removed in C++11), and all of standard C++11 and the current draft standard for C++1y.

Controlling implementation limits

-fbracket-depth=N

Sets the limit for nested parentheses, brackets, and braces to N. The default is 256.

-fconstexpr-depth=N

Sets the limit for recursive constexpr function invocations to N. The default is 512.

-fconstexpr-steps=N

Sets the limit for the number of full-expressions evaluated in a single constant expression evaluation. The default is 1048576.

-ftemplate-depth=N

Sets the limit for recursively nested template instantiations to N. The default is 1024.

-foperator-arrow-depth=N

Sets the limit for iterative calls to ‘operator->’ functions to N. The default is 256.

OpenMP Features

Clang supports all OpenMP 4.5 directives and clauses. See OpenMP Support for additional details.

Use -fopenmp to enable OpenMP. Support for OpenMP can be disabled with -fno-openmp.

Use -fopenmp-simd to enable OpenMP simd features only, without linking the runtime library; for combined constructs (e.g. #pragma omp parallel for simd) the non-simd directives and clauses will be ignored. This can be disabled with -fno-openmp-simd.

Controlling implementation limits

-fopenmp-use-tls

Controls code generation for OpenMP threadprivate variables. In presence of this option all threadprivate variables are generated the same way as thread local variables, using TLS support. If -fno-openmp-use-tls is provided or target does not support TLS, code generation for threadprivate variables relies on OpenMP runtime library.

OpenCL Features

Clang can be used to compile OpenCL kernels for execution on a device (e.g. GPU). It is possible to compile the kernel into a binary (e.g. for AMD or Nvidia targets) that can be uploaded to run directly on a device (e.g. using clCreateProgramWithBinary) or into generic bitcode files loadable into other toolchains.

Compiling to a binary using the default target from the installation can be done as follows:

$ echo "kernel void k(){}" > test.cl
$ clang test.cl

Compiling for a specific target can be done by specifying the triple corresponding to the target, for example:

$ clang -target nvptx64-unknown-unknown test.cl
$ clang -target amdgcn-amd-amdhsa -mcpu=gfx900 test.cl

Compiling to bitcode can be done as follows:

$ clang -c -emit-llvm test.cl

This will produce a generic test.bc file that can be used in vendor toolchains to perform machine code generation.

Clang currently supports OpenCL C language standards up to v2.0. Starting from clang 9 a C++ mode is available for OpenCL (see C++ for OpenCL).

OpenCL Specific Options

Most of the OpenCL build options from the specification v2.0 section 5.8.4 are available.

Examples:

$ clang -cl-std=CL2.0 -cl-single-precision-constant test.cl

Some extra options are available to support special OpenCL features.

-finclude-default-header

Loads standard includes during compilations. By default OpenCL headers are not loaded and therefore standard library includes are not available. To load them automatically a flag has been added to the frontend (see also the section on the OpenCL Header):

$ clang -Xclang -finclude-default-header test.cl

Alternatively -include or -I followed by the path to the header location can be given manually.

$ clang -I<path to clang>/lib/Headers/opencl-c.h test.cl

In this case the kernel code should contain #include <opencl-c.h> just as a regular C include.

-cl-ext

Disables support of OpenCL extensions. All OpenCL targets provide a list of extensions that they support. Clang allows to amend this using the -cl-ext flag with a comma-separated list of extensions prefixed with '+' or '-'. The syntax: -cl-ext=<(['-'|'+']<extension>[,])+>, where extensions can be either one of the OpenCL specification extensions or any known vendor extension. Alternatively, 'all' can be used to enable or disable all known extensions. Example disabling double support for the 64-bit SPIR target:

$ clang -cc1 -triple spir64-unknown-unknown -cl-ext=-cl_khr_fp64 test.cl

Enabling all extensions except double support in R600 AMD GPU can be done using:

$ clang -cc1 -triple r600-unknown-unknown -cl-ext=-all,+cl_khr_fp16 test.cl
-ffake-address-space-map

Overrides the target address space map with a fake map. This allows adding explicit address space IDs to the bitcode for non-segmented memory architectures that don’t have separate IDs for each of the OpenCL logical address spaces by default. Passing -ffake-address-space-map will add/override address spaces of the target compiled for with the following values: 1-global, 2-constant, 3-local, 4-generic. The private address space is represented by the absence of an address space attribute in the IR (see also the section on the address space attribute).

$ clang -ffake-address-space-map test.cl

Some other flags used for the compilation for C can also be passed while compiling for OpenCL, examples: -c, -O<1-4|s>, -o, -emit-llvm, etc.

OpenCL Targets

OpenCL targets are derived from the regular Clang target classes. The OpenCL specific parts of the target representation provide address space mapping as well as a set of supported extensions.

Specific Targets

There is a set of concrete HW architectures that OpenCL can be compiled for.

  • For AMD target:

    $ clang -target amdgcn-amd-amdhsa -mcpu=gfx900 test.cl

  • For Nvidia architectures:

    $ clang -target nvptx64-unknown-unknown test.cl

Generic Targets

  • SPIR is available as a generic target to allow portable bitcode to be produced that can be used across GPU toolchains. The implementation follows the SPIR specification. There are two flavors available for 32 and 64 bits.

    $ clang -target spir-unknown-unknown test.cl
$ clang -target spir64-unknown-unknown test.cl

    All known OpenCL extensions are supported in the SPIR targets. Clang will generate SPIR v1.2 compatible IR for OpenCL versions up to 2.0 and SPIR v2.0 for OpenCL v2.0.

  • x86 is used by some implementations that are x86 compatible and currently remains for backwards compatibility (with older implementations prior to SPIR target support). For “non-SPMD” targets which cannot spawn multiple work-items on the fly using hardware, which covers practically all non-GPU devices such as CPUs and DSPs, additional processing is needed for the kernels to support multiple work-item execution. For this, a 3rd party toolchain, such as for example POCL, can be used.

    This target does not support multiple memory segments and, therefore, the fake address space map can be added using the -ffake-address-space-map flag.

OpenCL Header

By default Clang will not include standard headers and therefore OpenCL builtin functions and some types (i.e. vectors) are unknown. The default CL header is, however, provided in the Clang installation and can be enabled by passing the -finclude-default-header flag to the Clang frontend.

$ echo "bool is_wg_uniform(int i){return get_enqueued_local_size(i)==get_local_size(i);}" > test.cl
$ clang -Xclang -finclude-default-header -cl-std=CL2.0 test.cl

Because the header is very large and long to parse, PCH (Precompiled Header and Modules Internals) and modules (Modules) are used internally to improve the compilation speed.

To enable modules for OpenCL:

$ clang -target spir-unknown-unknown -c -emit-llvm -Xclang -finclude-default-header -fmodules -fimplicit-module-maps -fmodules-cache-path=<path to the generated module> test.cl

OpenCL Extensions

All of the cl_khr_* extensions from the official OpenCL specification up to and including version 2.0 are available and set per target depending on the support available in the specific architecture.

It is possible to alter the default extensions setting per target using -cl-ext flag. (See flags description for more details).

Vendor extensions can be added flexibly by declaring the list of types and functions associated with each extensions enclosed within the following compiler pragma directives:

#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION the_new_extension_name : begin
// declare types and functions associated with the extension here
#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION the_new_extension_name : end

For example, parsing the following code adds my_t type and my_func function to the custom my_ext extension.

#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION my_ext : begin
typedef struct{
  int a;
}my_t;
void my_func(my_t);
#pragma OPENCL EXTENSION my_ext : end

Declaring the same types in different vendor extensions is disallowed.

OpenCL Metadata

Clang uses metadata to provide additional OpenCL semantics in IR needed for backends and OpenCL runtime.

Each kernel will have function metadata attached to it, specifying the arguments. Kernel argument metadata is used to provide source level information for querying at runtime, for example using the clGetKernelArgInfo call.

Note that -cl-kernel-arg-info enables more information about the original CL code to be added e.g. kernel parameter names will appear in the OpenCL metadata along with other information.

The IDs used to encode the OpenCL’s logical address spaces in the argument info metadata follows the SPIR address space mapping as defined in the SPIR specification section 2.2

OpenCL-Specific Attributes

OpenCL support in Clang contains a set of attribute taken directly from the specification as well as additional attributes.

See also Attributes in Clang.

nosvm

Clang supports this attribute to comply to OpenCL v2.0 conformance, but it does not have any effect on the IR. For more details reffer to the specification section 6.7.2

opencl_unroll_hint

The implementation of this feature mirrors the unroll hint for C. More details on the syntax can be found in the specification section 6.11.5

convergent

To make sure no invalid optimizations occur for single program multiple data (SPMD) / single instruction multiple thread (SIMT) Clang provides attributes that can be used for special functions that have cross work item semantics. An example is the subgroup operations such as intel_sub_group_shuffle

// Define custom my_sub_group_shuffle(data, c)
// that makes use of intel_sub_group_shuffle
r1 = ...
if (r0) r1 = computeA();
// Shuffle data from r1 into r3
// of threads id r2.
r3 = my_sub_group_shuffle(r1, r2);
if (r0) r3 = computeB();

with non-SPMD semantics this is optimized to the following equivalent code:

r1 = ...
if (!r0)
  // Incorrect functionality! The data in r1
  // have not been computed by all threads yet.
  r3 = my_sub_group_shuffle(r1, r2);
else {
  r1 = computeA();
  r3 = my_sub_group_shuffle(r1, r2);
  r3 = computeB();
}

Declaring the function my_sub_group_shuffle with the convergent attribute would prevent this:

my_sub_group_shuffle() __attribute__((convergent));

Using convergent guarantees correct execution by keeping CFG equivalence wrt operations marked as convergent. CFG G´ is equivalent to G wrt node Ni : iff ∀ Nj (i≠j) domination and post-domination relations with respect to Ni remain the same in both G and G´.

noduplicate

noduplicate is more restrictive with respect to optimizations than convergent because a convergent function only preserves CFG equivalence. This allows some optimizations to happen as long as the control flow remains unmodified.

for (int i=0; i<4; i++)
  my_sub_group_shuffle()

can be modified to:

my_sub_group_shuffle();
my_sub_group_shuffle();
my_sub_group_shuffle();
my_sub_group_shuffle();

while using noduplicate would disallow this. Also noduplicate doesn’t have the same safe semantics of CFG as convergent and can cause changes in CFG that modify semantics of the original program.

noduplicate is kept for backwards compatibility only and it considered to be deprecated for future uses.

address_space

Clang has arbitrary address space support using the address_space(N) attribute, where N is an integer number in the range 0 to 16777215 (0xffffffu).

An OpenCL implementation provides a list of standard address spaces using keywords: private, local, global, and generic. In the AST and in the IR local, global, or generic will be represented by the address space attribute with the corresponding unique number. Note that private does not have any corresponding attribute added and, therefore, is represented by the absence of an address space number. The specific IDs for an address space do not have to match between the AST and the IR. Typically in the AST address space numbers represent logical segments while in the IR they represent physical segments. Therefore, machines with flat memory segments can map all AST address space numbers to the same physical segment ID or skip address space attribute completely while generating the IR. However, if the address space information is needed by the IR passes e.g. to improve alias analysis, it is recommended to keep it and only lower to reflect physical memory segments in the late machine passes.

OpenCL builtins

There are some standard OpenCL functions that are implemented as Clang builtins:

C++ for OpenCL

Starting from clang 9 kernel code can contain C++17 features: classes, templates, function overloading, type deduction, etc. Please note that this is not an implementation of OpenCL C++ and there is no plan to support it in clang in any new releases in the near future.

For detailed information about restrictions to allowed C++ features please refer to Clang Language Extensions.

Since C++ features are to be used on top of OpenCL C functionality, all existing restrictions from OpenCL C v2.0 will inherently apply. All OpenCL C builtin types and function libraries are supported and can be used in this mode.

To enable the C++ for OpenCL mode, pass one of following command line options when compiling .cl file -cl-std=clc++, -cl-std=CLC++, -std=clc++ or -std=CLC++.

template<class T> T add( T x, T y )
{
  return x + y;
}

__kernel void test( __global float* a, __global float* b)
{
  auto index = get_global_id(0);
  a[index] = add(b[index], b[index+1]);
}

clang -cl-std=clc++ test.cl

Target-Specific Features and Limitations

CPU Architectures Features and Limitations

X86

The support for X86 (both 32-bit and 64-bit) is considered stable on Darwin (macOS), Linux, FreeBSD, and Dragonfly BSD: it has been tested to correctly compile many large C, C++, Objective-C, and Objective-C++ codebases.

On x86_64-mingw32, passing i128(by value) is incompatible with the Microsoft x64 calling convention. You might need to tweak WinX86_64ABIInfo::classify() in lib/CodeGen/TargetInfo.cpp.

For the X86 target, clang supports the -m16 command line argument which enables 16-bit code output. This is broadly similar to using asm(".code16gcc") with the GNU toolchain. The generated code and the ABI remains 32-bit but the assembler emits instructions appropriate for a CPU running in 16-bit mode, with address-size and operand-size prefixes to enable 32-bit addressing and operations.

ARM

The support for ARM (specifically ARMv6 and ARMv7) is considered stable on Darwin (iOS): it has been tested to correctly compile many large C, C++, Objective-C, and Objective-C++ codebases. Clang only supports a limited number of ARM architectures. It does not yet fully support ARMv5, for example.

PowerPC

The support for PowerPC (especially PowerPC64) is considered stable on Linux and FreeBSD: it has been tested to correctly compile many large C and C++ codebases. PowerPC (32bit) is still missing certain features (e.g. PIC code on ELF platforms).

Other platforms

clang currently contains some support for other architectures (e.g. Sparc); however, significant pieces of code generation are still missing, and they haven’t undergone significant testing.

clang contains limited support for the MSP430 embedded processor, but both the clang support and the LLVM backend support are highly experimental.

Other platforms are completely unsupported at the moment. Adding the minimal support needed for parsing and semantic analysis on a new platform is quite easy; see lib/Basic/Targets.cpp in the clang source tree. This level of support is also sufficient for conversion to LLVM IR for simple programs. Proper support for conversion to LLVM IR requires adding code to lib/CodeGen/CGCall.cpp at the moment; this is likely to change soon, though. Generating assembly requires a suitable LLVM backend.

Operating System Features and Limitations

Darwin (macOS)

Thread Sanitizer is not supported.

Windows

Clang has experimental support for targeting “Cygming” (Cygwin / MinGW) platforms.

See also Microsoft Extensions.

Cygwin

Clang works on Cygwin-1.7.

MinGW32

Clang works on some mingw32 distributions. Clang assumes directories as below;

  • C:/mingw/include

  • C:/mingw/lib

  • C:/mingw/lib/gcc/mingw32/4.[3-5].0/include/c++

On MSYS, a few tests might fail.

MinGW-w64

For 32-bit (i686-w64-mingw32), and 64-bit (x86_64-w64-mingw32), Clang assumes as below;

  • GCC versions 4.5.0 to 4.5.3, 4.6.0 to 4.6.2, or 4.7.0 (for the C++ header search path)

  • some_directory/bin/gcc.exe

  • some_directory/bin/clang.exe

  • some_directory/bin/clang++.exe

  • some_directory/bin/../include/c++/GCC_version

  • some_directory/bin/../include/c++/GCC_version/x86_64-w64-mingw32

  • some_directory/bin/../include/c++/GCC_version/i686-w64-mingw32

  • some_directory/bin/../include/c++/GCC_version/backward

  • some_directory/bin/../x86_64-w64-mingw32/include

  • some_directory/bin/../i686-w64-mingw32/include

  • some_directory/bin/../include

This directory layout is standard for any toolchain you will find on the official MinGW-w64 website.

Clang expects the GCC executable “gcc.exe” compiled for i686-w64-mingw32 (or x86_64-w64-mingw32) to be present on PATH.

Some tests might fail on x86_64-w64-mingw32.

clang-cl

clang-cl is an alternative command-line interface to Clang, designed for compatibility with the Visual C++ compiler, cl.exe.

To enable clang-cl to find system headers, libraries, and the linker when run from the command-line, it should be executed inside a Visual Studio Native Tools Command Prompt or a regular Command Prompt where the environment has been set up using e.g. vcvarsall.bat.

clang-cl can also be used from inside Visual Studio by selecting the LLVM Platform Toolset. The toolset is not part of the installer, but may be installed separately from the Visual Studio Marketplace. To use the toolset, select a project in Solution Explorer, open its Property Page (Alt+F7), and in the “General” section of “Configuration Properties” change “Platform Toolset” to LLVM. Doing so enables an additional Property Page for selecting the clang-cl executable to use for builds.

To use the toolset with MSBuild directly, invoke it with e.g. /p:PlatformToolset=LLVM. This allows trying out the clang-cl toolchain without modifying your project files.

It’s also possible to point MSBuild at clang-cl without changing toolset by passing /p:CLToolPath=c:\llvm\bin /p:CLToolExe=clang-cl.exe.

When using CMake and the Visual Studio generators, the toolset can be set with the -T flag:

cmake -G"Visual Studio 15 2017" -T LLVM ..

When using CMake with the Ninja generator, set the CMAKE_C_COMPILER and CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER variables to clang-cl:

cmake -GNinja -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER="c:/Program Files (x86)/LLVM/bin/clang-cl.exe"
    -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER="c:/Program Files (x86)/LLVM/bin/clang-cl.exe" ..

Command-Line Options

To be compatible with cl.exe, clang-cl supports most of the same command-line options. Those options can start with either / or -. It also supports some of Clang’s core options, such as the -W options.

Options that are known to clang-cl, but not currently supported, are ignored with a warning. For example:

clang-cl.exe: warning: argument unused during compilation: '/AI'

To suppress warnings about unused arguments, use the -Qunused-arguments option.

Options that are not known to clang-cl will be ignored by default. Use the -Werror=unknown-argument option in order to treat them as errors. If these options are spelled with a leading /, they will be mistaken for a filename:

clang-cl.exe: error: no such file or directory: '/foobar'

Please file a bug for any valid cl.exe flags that clang-cl does not understand.

Execute clang-cl /? to see a list of supported options:

CL.EXE COMPATIBILITY OPTIONS:
  /?                      Display available options
  /arch:<value>           Set architecture for code generation
  /Brepro-                Write current time into COFF output (default)
  /Brepro                 Do not write current time into COFF output (breaks link.exe /incremental)
  /clang:<arg>            Pass <arg> to the clang driver
  /C                      Do not discard comments when preprocessing
  /c                      Compile only
  /d1PP                   Retain macro definitions in /E mode
  /d1reportAllClassLayout Dump record layout information
  /diagnostics:caret      Enable caret and column diagnostics (default)
  /diagnostics:classic    Disable column and caret diagnostics
  /diagnostics:column     Disable caret diagnostics but keep column info
  /D <macro[=value]>      Define macro
  /EH<value>              Set exception handling model
  /EP                     Disable linemarker output and preprocess to stdout
  /execution-charset:<value>
                          Set runtime encoding, supports only UTF-8
  /E                      Preprocess to stdout
  /fallback               Fall back to cl.exe if clang-cl fails to compile
  /FA                     Output assembly code file during compilation
  /Fa<file or dir/>       Set assembly output file name (with /FA)
  /Fe<file or dir/>       Set output executable file name
  /FI <value>             Include file before parsing
  /Fi<file>               Set preprocess output file name (with /P)
  /Fo<file or dir/>       Set output object file (with /c)
  /fp:except-
  /fp:except
  /fp:fast
  /fp:precise
  /fp:strict
  /Fp<file>               Set pch file name (with /Yc and /Yu)
  /GA                     Assume thread-local variables are defined in the executable
  /Gd                     Set __cdecl as a default calling convention
  /GF-                    Disable string pooling
  /GF                     Enable string pooling (default)
  /GR-                    Do not emit RTTI data
  /Gregcall               Set __regcall as a default calling convention
  /GR                     Emit RTTI data (default)
  /Gr                     Set __fastcall as a default calling convention
  /GS-                    Disable buffer security check
  /GS                     Enable buffer security check (default)
  /Gs                     Use stack probes (default)
  /Gs<value>              Set stack probe size (default 4096)
  /guard:<value>          Enable Control Flow Guard with /guard:cf,
                          or only the table with /guard:cf,nochecks
  /Gv                     Set __vectorcall as a default calling convention
  /Gw-                    Do not put each data item in its own section (default)
  /Gw                     Put each data item in its own section
  /GX-                    Deprecated (like not passing /EH)
  /GX                     Deprecated; use /EHsc
  /Gy-                    Do not put each function in its own section (default)
  /Gy                     Put each function in its own section
  /Gz                     Set __stdcall as a default calling convention
  /help                   Display available options
  /imsvc <dir>            Add <dir> to system include search path, as if in %INCLUDE%
  /I <dir>                Add directory to include search path
  /J                      Make char type unsigned
  /LDd                    Create debug DLL
  /LD                     Create DLL
  /link <options>         Forward options to the linker
  /MDd                    Use DLL debug run-time
  /MD                     Use DLL run-time
  /MTd                    Use static debug run-time
  /MT                     Use static run-time
  /O1                     Optimize for size  (like /Og     /Os /Oy /Ob2 /GF /Gy)
  /O2                     Optimize for speed (like /Og /Oi /Ot /Oy /Ob2 /GF /Gy)
  /Ob0                    Disable function inlining
  /Ob1                    Only inline functions explicitly or implicitly marked inline
  /Ob2                    Inline functions as deemed beneficial by the compiler
  /Od                     Disable optimization
  /Og                     No effect
  /Oi-                    Disable use of builtin functions
  /Oi                     Enable use of builtin functions
  /Os                     Optimize for size
  /Ot                     Optimize for speed
  /Ox                     Deprecated (like /Og /Oi /Ot /Oy /Ob2); use /O2
  /Oy-                    Disable frame pointer omission (x86 only, default)
  /Oy                     Enable frame pointer omission (x86 only)
  /O<flags>               Set multiple /O flags at once; e.g. '/O2y-' for '/O2 /Oy-'
  /o <file or dir/>       Deprecated (set output file name); use /Fe or /Fe
  /P                      Preprocess to file
  /Qvec-                  Disable the loop vectorization passes
  /Qvec                   Enable the loop vectorization passes
  /showFilenames-         Do not print the name of each compiled file (default)
  /showFilenames          Print the name of each compiled file
  /showIncludes           Print info about included files to stderr
  /source-charset:<value> Set source encoding, supports only UTF-8
  /std:<value>            Set C++ version (c++14,c++17,c++latest)
  /TC                     Treat all source files as C
  /Tc <file>              Treat <file> as C source file
  /TP                     Treat all source files as C++
  /Tp <file>              Treat <file> as C++ source file
  /utf-8                  Set source and runtime encoding to UTF-8 (default)
  /U <macro>              Undefine macro
  /vd<value>              Control vtordisp placement
  /vmb                    Use a best-case representation method for member pointers
  /vmg                    Use a most-general representation for member pointers
  /vmm                    Set the default most-general representation to multiple inheritance
  /vms                    Set the default most-general representation to single inheritance
  /vmv                    Set the default most-general representation to virtual inheritance
  /volatile:iso           Volatile loads and stores have standard semantics
  /volatile:ms            Volatile loads and stores have acquire and release semantics
  /W0                     Disable all warnings
  /W1                     Enable -Wall
  /W2                     Enable -Wall
  /W3                     Enable -Wall
  /W4                     Enable -Wall and -Wextra
  /Wall                   Enable -Weverything
  /WX-                    Do not treat warnings as errors (default)
  /WX                     Treat warnings as errors
  /w                      Disable all warnings
  /X                      Do not add %INCLUDE% to include search path
  /Y-                     Disable precompiled headers, overrides /Yc and /Yu
  /Yc<filename>           Generate a pch file for all code up to and including <filename>
  /Yu<filename>           Load a pch file and use it instead of all code up to and including <filename>
  /Z7                     Enable CodeView debug information in object files
  /Zc:alignedNew-         Disable C++17 aligned allocation functions
  /Zc:alignedNew          Enable C++17 aligned allocation functions
  /Zc:char8_t-            Disable char8_t from c++2a
  /Zc:char8_t             Enable char8_t from C++2a
  /Zc:dllexportInlines-   Do not dllexport/dllimport inline member functions of dllexport/import classes
  /Zc:dllexportInlines    dllexport/dllimport inline member functions of dllexport/import classes (default)
  /Zc:sizedDealloc-       Disable C++14 sized global deallocation functions
  /Zc:sizedDealloc        Enable C++14 sized global deallocation functions
  /Zc:strictStrings       Treat string literals as const
  /Zc:threadSafeInit-     Disable thread-safe initialization of static variables
  /Zc:threadSafeInit      Enable thread-safe initialization of static variables
  /Zc:trigraphs-          Disable trigraphs (default)
  /Zc:trigraphs           Enable trigraphs
  /Zc:twoPhase-           Disable two-phase name lookup in templates (default)
  /Zc:twoPhase            Enable two-phase name lookup in templates
  /Zd                     Emit debug line number tables only
  /Zi                     Like /Z7
  /Zl                     Do not let object file auto-link default libraries
  /Zp                     Set default maximum struct packing alignment to 1
  /Zp<value>              Set default maximum struct packing alignment
  /Zs                     Syntax-check only

OPTIONS:
  -###                    Print (but do not run) the commands to run for this compilation
  --analyze               Run the static analyzer
  -faddrsig               Emit an address-significance table
  -fansi-escape-codes     Use ANSI escape codes for diagnostics
  -fblocks                Enable the 'blocks' language feature
  -fcf-protection=<value> Instrument control-flow architecture protection. Options: return, branch, full, none.
  -fcf-protection         Enable cf-protection in 'full' mode
  -fcolor-diagnostics     Use colors in diagnostics
  -fcomplete-member-pointers
                          Require member pointer base types to be complete if they would be significant under the Microsoft ABI
  -fcoverage-mapping      Generate coverage mapping to enable code coverage analysis
  -fcs-profile-generate=<directory>
                          Generate instrumented code to collect context sensitive
                          execution counts into <directory>/default.profraw
                          (overridden by LLVM_PROFILE_FILE env var)
  -fcs-profile-generate   Generate instrumented code to collect context sensitive
                          execution counts into default.profraw
                          (overridden by LLVM_PROFILE_FILE env var)
  -fdebug-compilation-dir <value>
                          The compilation directory to embed in the debug info.
  -fdebug-macro           Emit macro debug information
  -fdelayed-template-parsing
                          Parse templated function definitions at the end of the translation unit
  -fdiagnostics-absolute-paths
                          Print absolute paths in diagnostics
  -fdiagnostics-parseable-fixits
                          Print fix-its in machine parseable form
  -flto=<value>           Set LTO mode to either 'full' or 'thin'
  -flto                   Enable LTO in 'full' mode
  -fmerge-all-constants   Allow merging of constants
  -fms-compatibility-version=<value>
                          Dot-separated value representing the Microsoft compiler version
                          number to report in _MSC_VER (0 = don't define it (default))
  -fms-compatibility      Enable full Microsoft Visual C++ compatibility
  -fms-extensions         Accept some non-standard constructs supported by the Microsoft compiler
  -fmsc-version=<value>   Microsoft compiler version number to report in _MSC_VER
                          (0 = don't define it (default))
  -fno-addrsig            Don't emit an address-significance table
  -fno-builtin-<value>    Disable implicit builtin knowledge of a specific function
  -fno-builtin            Disable implicit builtin knowledge of functions
  -fno-complete-member-pointers
                          Do not require member pointer base types to be complete if they would be significant under the Microsoft ABI
  -fno-coverage-mapping   Disable code coverage analysis
  -fno-crash-diagnostics  Disable auto-generation of preprocessed source files and a script for reproduction during a clang crash
  -fno-debug-macro        Do not emit macro debug information
  -fno-delayed-template-parsing
                          Disable delayed template parsing
  -fno-profile-generate   Disable generation of profile instrumentation.
  -fno-profile-instr-generate
                          Disable generation of profile instrumentation.
  -fno-profile-instr-use  Disable using instrumentation data for profile-guided optimization
  -fno-sanitize-address-poison-custom-array-cookie
                          Disable poisoning array cookies when using custom operator new[] in AddressSanitizer
  -fno-sanitize-address-use-after-scope
                          Disable use-after-scope detection in AddressSanitizer
  -fno-sanitize-address-use-odr-indicator
                          Disable ODR indicator globals
  -fno-sanitize-blacklist Don't use blacklist file for sanitizers
  -fno-sanitize-cfi-cross-dso
                          Disable control flow integrity (CFI) checks for cross-DSO calls.
  -fno-sanitize-coverage=<value>
                          Disable specified features of coverage instrumentation for Sanitizers
  -fno-sanitize-memory-track-origins
                          Disable origins tracking in MemorySanitizer
  -fno-sanitize-memory-use-after-dtor
                          Disable use-after-destroy detection in MemorySanitizer
  -fno-sanitize-recover=<value>
                          Disable recovery for specified sanitizers
  -fno-sanitize-stats     Disable sanitizer statistics gathering.
  -fno-sanitize-thread-atomics
                          Disable atomic operations instrumentation in ThreadSanitizer
  -fno-sanitize-thread-func-entry-exit
                          Disable function entry/exit instrumentation in ThreadSanitizer
  -fno-sanitize-thread-memory-access
                          Disable memory access instrumentation in ThreadSanitizer
  -fno-sanitize-trap=<value>
                          Disable trapping for specified sanitizers
  -fno-standalone-debug   Limit debug information produced to reduce size of debug binary
  -fobjc-runtime=<value>  Specify the target Objective-C runtime kind and version
  -forder-file-instrumentation
                          Generate instrumented code to collect order file into default.profraw
                          file (overridden by '=' form of option or LLVM_PROFILE_FILE env var)
  -fprofile-exclude-files=<value>
                          Instrument only functions from files where names don't match all the regexes separated by a semi-colon
  -fprofile-filter-files=<value>
                          Instrument only functions from files where names match any regex separated by a semi-colon
  -fprofile-generate=<directory>
                          Generate instrumented code to collect execution counts into
                          <directory>/default.profraw (overridden by LLVM_PROFILE_FILE env var)
  -fprofile-generate      Generate instrumented code to collect execution counts into
                          default.profraw (overridden by LLVM_PROFILE_FILE env var)
  -fprofile-instr-generate=<file>
                          Generate instrumented code to collect execution counts into <file>
                          (overridden by LLVM_PROFILE_FILE env var)
  -fprofile-instr-generate
                          Generate instrumented code to collect execution counts into default.profraw file
                          (overridden by '=' form of option or LLVM_PROFILE_FILE env var)
  -fprofile-instr-use=<value>
                          Use instrumentation data for profile-guided optimization
  -fprofile-remapping-file=<file>
                          Use the remappings described in <file> to match the profile data against names in the program
  -fsanitize-address-field-padding=<value>
                          Level of field padding for AddressSanitizer
  -fsanitize-address-globals-dead-stripping
                          Enable linker dead stripping of globals in AddressSanitizer
  -fsanitize-address-poison-custom-array-cookie
                          Enable poisoning array cookies when using custom operator new[] in AddressSanitizer
  -fsanitize-address-use-after-scope
                          Enable use-after-scope detection in AddressSanitizer
  -fsanitize-address-use-odr-indicator
                          Enable ODR indicator globals to avoid false ODR violation reports in partially sanitized programs at the cost of an increase in binary size
  -fsanitize-blacklist=<value>
                          Path to blacklist file for sanitizers
  -fsanitize-cfi-cross-dso
                          Enable control flow integrity (CFI) checks for cross-DSO calls.
  -fsanitize-cfi-icall-generalize-pointers
                          Generalize pointers in CFI indirect call type signature checks
  -fsanitize-coverage=<value>
                          Specify the type of coverage instrumentation for Sanitizers
  -fsanitize-hwaddress-abi=<value>
                          Select the HWAddressSanitizer ABI to target (interceptor or platform, default interceptor)
  -fsanitize-memory-track-origins=<value>
                          Enable origins tracking in MemorySanitizer
  -fsanitize-memory-track-origins
                          Enable origins tracking in MemorySanitizer
  -fsanitize-memory-use-after-dtor
                          Enable use-after-destroy detection in MemorySanitizer
  -fsanitize-recover=<value>
                          Enable recovery for specified sanitizers
  -fsanitize-stats        Enable sanitizer statistics gathering.
  -fsanitize-thread-atomics
                          Enable atomic operations instrumentation in ThreadSanitizer (default)
  -fsanitize-thread-func-entry-exit
                          Enable function entry/exit instrumentation in ThreadSanitizer (default)
  -fsanitize-thread-memory-access
                          Enable memory access instrumentation in ThreadSanitizer (default)
  -fsanitize-trap=<value> Enable trapping for specified sanitizers
  -fsanitize-undefined-strip-path-components=<number>
                          Strip (or keep only, if negative) a given number of path components when emitting check metadata.
  -fsanitize=<check>      Turn on runtime checks for various forms of undefined or suspicious behavior. See user manual for available checks
  -fsplit-lto-unit        Enables splitting of the LTO unit.
  -fstandalone-debug      Emit full debug info for all types used by the program
  -fthinlto-index=<value> Perform ThinLTO importing using provided function summary index
  -fwhole-program-vtables Enables whole-program vtable optimization. Requires -flto
  -gcodeview-ghash        Emit type record hashes in a .debug$H section
  -gcodeview              Generate CodeView debug information
  -gline-directives-only  Emit debug line info directives only
  -gline-tables-only      Emit debug line number tables only
  -miamcu                 Use Intel MCU ABI
  -mllvm <value>          Additional arguments to forward to LLVM's option processing
  -nobuiltininc           Disable builtin #include directories
  -print-supported-cpus   Print supported cpu models for the given target (if target is not specified, it will print the supported cpus for the default target)
  -Qunused-arguments      Don't emit warning for unused driver arguments
  -R<remark>              Enable the specified remark
  --target=<value>        Generate code for the given target
  --version               Print version information
  -v                      Show commands to run and use verbose output
  -W<warning>             Enable the specified warning
  -Xclang <arg>           Pass <arg> to the clang compiler

The /clang: Option

When clang-cl is run with a set of /clang:<arg> options, it will gather all of the <arg> arguments and process them as if they were passed to the clang driver. This mechanism allows you to pass flags that are not exposed in the clang-cl options or flags that have a different meaning when passed to the clang driver. Regardless of where they appear in the command line, the /clang: arguments are treated as if they were passed at the end of the clang-cl command line.

The /Zc:dllexportInlines- Option

This causes the class-level dllexport and dllimport attributes to not apply to inline member functions, as they otherwise would. For example, in the code below S::foo() would normally be defined and exported by the DLL, but when using the /Zc:dllexportInlines- flag it is not:

struct __declspec(dllexport) S {
  void foo() {}
}

This has the benefit that the compiler doesn’t need to emit a definition of S::foo() in every translation unit where the declaration is included, as it would otherwise do to ensure there’s a definition in the DLL even if it’s not used there. If the declaration occurs in a header file that’s widely used, this can save significant compilation time and output size. It also reduces the number of functions exported by the DLL similarly to what -fvisibility-inlines-hidden does for shared objects on ELF and Mach-O. Since the function declaration comes with an inline definition, users of the library can use that definition directly instead of importing it from the DLL.

Note that the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler does not support this option, and if code in a DLL is compiled with /Zc:dllexportInlines-, the code using the DLL must be compiled in the same way so that it doesn’t attempt to dllimport the inline member functions. The reverse scenario should generally work though: a DLL compiled without this flag (such as a system library compiled with Visual C++) can be referenced from code compiled using the flag, meaning that the referencing code will use the inline definitions instead of importing them from the DLL.

Also note that like when using -fvisibility-inlines-hidden, the address of S::foo() will be different inside and outside the DLL, breaking the C/C++ standard requirement that functions have a unique address.

The flag does not apply to explicit class template instantiation definitions or declarations, as those are typically used to explicitly provide a single definition in a DLL, (dllexported instantiation definition) or to signal that the definition is available elsewhere (dllimport instantiation declaration). It also doesn’t apply to inline members with static local variables, to ensure that the same instance of the variable is used inside and outside the DLL.

Using this flag can cause problems when inline functions that would otherwise be dllexported refer to internal symbols of a DLL. For example:

void internal();

struct __declspec(dllimport) S {
  void foo() { internal(); }
}

Normally, references to S::foo() would use the definition in the DLL from which it was exported, and which presumably also has the definition of internal(). However, when using /Zc:dllexportInlines-, the inline definition of S::foo() is used directly, resulting in a link error since internal() is not available. Even worse, if there is an inline definition of internal() containing a static local variable, we will now refer to a different instance of that variable than in the DLL:

inline int internal() { static int x; return x++; }

struct __declspec(dllimport) S {
  int foo() { return internal(); }
}

This could lead to very subtle bugs. Using -fvisibility-inlines-hidden can lead to the same issue. To avoid it in this case, make S::foo() or internal() non-inline, or mark them dllimport/dllexport explicitly.

The /fallback Option

When clang-cl is run with the /fallback option, it will first try to compile files itself. For any file that it fails to compile, it will fall back and try to compile the file by invoking cl.exe.

This option is intended to be used as a temporary means to build projects where clang-cl cannot successfully compile all the files. clang-cl may fail to compile a file either because it cannot generate code for some C++ feature, or because it cannot parse some Microsoft language extension.