This document describes the CommandLine argument processing library. It will show you how to use it, and what it can do. The CommandLine library uses a declarative approach to specifying the command line options that your program takes. By default, these options declarations implicitly hold the value parsed for the option declared (of course this can be changed).
Although there are a lot of command line argument parsing libraries out there in many different languages, none of them fit well with what I needed. By looking at the features and problems of other libraries, I designed the CommandLine library to have the following features:
This document will hopefully let you jump in and start using CommandLine in your utility quickly and painlessly. Additionally it should be a simple reference manual to figure out how stuff works.
This section of the manual runs through a simple CommandLine’ification of a basic compiler tool. This is intended to show you how to jump into using the CommandLine library in your own program, and show you some of the cool things it can do.
To start out, you need to include the CommandLine header file into your program:
#include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
Additionally, you need to add this as the first line of your main program:
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
cl::ParseCommandLineOptions(argc, argv);
...
}
... which actually parses the arguments and fills in the variable declarations.
Now that you are ready to support command line arguments, we need to tell the system which ones we want, and what type of arguments they are. The CommandLine library uses a declarative syntax to model command line arguments with the global variable declarations that capture the parsed values. This means that for every command line option that you would like to support, there should be a global variable declaration to capture the result. For example, in a compiler, we would like to support the Unix-standard ‘-o <filename>‘ option to specify where to put the output. With the CommandLine library, this is represented like this:
cl::opt<string> OutputFilename("o", cl::desc("Specify output filename"), cl::value_desc("filename"));
This declares a global variable “OutputFilename” that is used to capture the result of the “o” argument (first parameter). We specify that this is a simple scalar option by using the “cl::opt” template (as opposed to the “cl::list” template), and tell the CommandLine library that the data type that we are parsing is a string.
The second and third parameters (which are optional) are used to specify what to output for the “-help” option. In this case, we get a line that looks like this:
USAGE: compiler [options]
OPTIONS:
-help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
-o <filename> - Specify output filename
Because we specified that the command line option should parse using the string data type, the variable declared is automatically usable as a real string in all contexts that a normal C++ string object may be used. For example:
...
std::ofstream Output(OutputFilename.c_str());
if (Output.good()) ...
...
There are many different options that you can use to customize the command line option handling library, but the above example shows the general interface to these options. The options can be specified in any order, and are specified with helper functions like cl::desc(...), so there are no positional dependencies to remember. The available options are discussed in detail in the Reference Guide.
Continuing the example, we would like to have our compiler take an input filename as well as an output filename, but we do not want the input filename to be specified with a hyphen (ie, not -filename.c). To support this style of argument, the CommandLine library allows for positional arguments to be specified for the program. These positional arguments are filled with command line parameters that are not in option form. We use this feature like this:
cl::opt<string> InputFilename(cl::Positional, cl::desc("<input file>"), cl::init("-"));
This declaration indicates that the first positional argument should be treated as the input filename. Here we use the cl::init option to specify an initial value for the command line option, which is used if the option is not specified (if you do not specify a cl::init modifier for an option, then the default constructor for the data type is used to initialize the value). Command line options default to being optional, so if we would like to require that the user always specify an input filename, we would add the cl::Required flag, and we could eliminate the cl::init modifier, like this:
cl::opt<string> InputFilename(cl::Positional, cl::desc("<input file>"), cl::Required);
Again, the CommandLine library does not require the options to be specified in any particular order, so the above declaration is equivalent to:
cl::opt<string> InputFilename(cl::Positional, cl::Required, cl::desc("<input file>"));
By simply adding the cl::Required flag, the CommandLine library will automatically issue an error if the argument is not specified, which shifts all of the command line option verification code out of your application into the library. This is just one example of how using flags can alter the default behaviour of the library, on a per-option basis. By adding one of the declarations above, the -help option synopsis is now extended to:
USAGE: compiler [options] <input file>
OPTIONS:
-help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
-o <filename> - Specify output filename
... indicating that an input filename is expected.
In addition to input and output filenames, we would like the compiler example to support three boolean flags: “-f” to force writing binary output to a terminal, “--quiet” to enable quiet mode, and “-q” for backwards compatibility with some of our users. We can support these by declaring options of boolean type like this:
cl::opt<bool> Force ("f", cl::desc("Enable binary output on terminals"));
cl::opt<bool> Quiet ("quiet", cl::desc("Don't print informational messages"));
cl::opt<bool> Quiet2("q", cl::desc("Don't print informational messages"), cl::Hidden);
This does what you would expect: it declares three boolean variables (“Force”, “Quiet”, and “Quiet2”) to recognize these options. Note that the “-q” option is specified with the “cl::Hidden” flag. This modifier prevents it from being shown by the standard “-help” output (note that it is still shown in the “-help-hidden” output).
The CommandLine library uses a different parser for different data types. For example, in the string case, the argument passed to the option is copied literally into the content of the string variable... we obviously cannot do that in the boolean case, however, so we must use a smarter parser. In the case of the boolean parser, it allows no options (in which case it assigns the value of true to the variable), or it allows the values “true” or “false” to be specified, allowing any of the following inputs:
compiler -f # No value, 'Force' == true
compiler -f=true # Value specified, 'Force' == true
compiler -f=TRUE # Value specified, 'Force' == true
compiler -f=FALSE # Value specified, 'Force' == false
... you get the idea. The bool parser just turns the string values into boolean values, and rejects things like ‘compiler -f=foo‘. Similarly, the float, double, and int parsers work like you would expect, using the ‘strtol‘ and ‘strtod‘ C library calls to parse the string value into the specified data type.
With the declarations above, “compiler -help” emits this:
USAGE: compiler [options] <input file>
OPTIONS:
-f - Enable binary output on terminals
-o - Override output filename
-quiet - Don't print informational messages
-help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
and “compiler -help-hidden” prints this:
USAGE: compiler [options] <input file>
OPTIONS:
-f - Enable binary output on terminals
-o - Override output filename
-q - Don't print informational messages
-quiet - Don't print informational messages
-help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
This brief example has shown you how to use the ‘cl::opt‘ class to parse simple scalar command line arguments. In addition to simple scalar arguments, the CommandLine library also provides primitives to support CommandLine option aliases, and lists of options.
So far, the example works well, except for the fact that we need to check the quiet condition like this now:
...
if (!Quiet && !Quiet2) printInformationalMessage(...);
...
... which is a real pain! Instead of defining two values for the same condition, we can use the “cl::alias” class to make the “-q” option an alias for the “-quiet” option, instead of providing a value itself:
cl::opt<bool> Force ("f", cl::desc("Overwrite output files"));
cl::opt<bool> Quiet ("quiet", cl::desc("Don't print informational messages"));
cl::alias QuietA("q", cl::desc("Alias for -quiet"), cl::aliasopt(Quiet));
The third line (which is the only one we modified from above) defines a “-q” alias that updates the “Quiet” variable (as specified by the cl::aliasopt modifier) whenever it is specified. Because aliases do not hold state, the only thing the program has to query is the Quiet variable now. Another nice feature of aliases is that they automatically hide themselves from the -help output (although, again, they are still visible in the -help-hidden output).
Now the application code can simply use:
...
if (!Quiet) printInformationalMessage(...);
...
... which is much nicer! The “cl::alias” can be used to specify an alternative name for any variable type, and has many uses.
So far we have seen how the CommandLine library handles builtin types like std::string, bool and int, but how does it handle things it doesn’t know about, like enums or ‘int*‘s?
The answer is that it uses a table-driven generic parser (unless you specify your own parser, as described in the Extension Guide). This parser maps literal strings to whatever type is required, and requires you to tell it what this mapping should be.
Let’s say that we would like to add four optimization levels to our optimizer, using the standard flags “-g”, “-O0”, “-O1”, and “-O2”. We could easily implement this with boolean options like above, but there are several problems with this strategy:
To cope with these problems, we can use an enum value, and have the CommandLine library fill it in with the appropriate level directly, which is used like this:
enum OptLevel {
g, O1, O2, O3
};
cl::opt<OptLevel> OptimizationLevel(cl::desc("Choose optimization level:"),
cl::values(
clEnumVal(g , "No optimizations, enable debugging"),
clEnumVal(O1, "Enable trivial optimizations"),
clEnumVal(O2, "Enable default optimizations"),
clEnumVal(O3, "Enable expensive optimizations")));
...
if (OptimizationLevel >= O2) doPartialRedundancyElimination(...);
...
This declaration defines a variable “OptimizationLevel” of the “OptLevel” enum type. This variable can be assigned any of the values that are listed in the declaration. The CommandLine library enforces that the user can only specify one of the options, and it ensure that only valid enum values can be specified. The “clEnumVal” macros ensure that the command line arguments matched the enum values. With this option added, our help output now is:
USAGE: compiler [options] <input file>
OPTIONS:
Choose optimization level:
-g - No optimizations, enable debugging
-O1 - Enable trivial optimizations
-O2 - Enable default optimizations
-O3 - Enable expensive optimizations
-f - Enable binary output on terminals
-help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
-o <filename> - Specify output filename
-quiet - Don't print informational messages
In this case, it is sort of awkward that flag names correspond directly to enum names, because we probably don’t want a enum definition named “g” in our program. Because of this, we can alternatively write this example like this:
enum OptLevel {
Debug, O1, O2, O3
};
cl::opt<OptLevel> OptimizationLevel(cl::desc("Choose optimization level:"),
cl::values(
clEnumValN(Debug, "g", "No optimizations, enable debugging"),
clEnumVal(O1 , "Enable trivial optimizations"),
clEnumVal(O2 , "Enable default optimizations"),
clEnumVal(O3 , "Enable expensive optimizations")));
...
if (OptimizationLevel == Debug) outputDebugInfo(...);
...
By using the “clEnumValN” macro instead of “clEnumVal”, we can directly specify the name that the flag should get. In general a direct mapping is nice, but sometimes you can’t or don’t want to preserve the mapping, which is when you would use it.
Another useful argument form is a named alternative style. We shall use this style in our compiler to specify different debug levels that can be used. Instead of each debug level being its own switch, we want to support the following options, of which only one can be specified at a time: “--debug-level=none”, “--debug-level=quick”, “--debug-level=detailed”. To do this, we use the exact same format as our optimization level flags, but we also specify an option name. For this case, the code looks like this:
enum DebugLev {
nodebuginfo, quick, detailed
};
// Enable Debug Options to be specified on the command line
cl::opt<DebugLev> DebugLevel("debug_level", cl::desc("Set the debugging level:"),
cl::values(
clEnumValN(nodebuginfo, "none", "disable debug information"),
clEnumVal(quick, "enable quick debug information"),
clEnumVal(detailed, "enable detailed debug information")));
This definition defines an enumerated command line variable of type “enum DebugLev”, which works exactly the same way as before. The difference here is just the interface exposed to the user of your program and the help output by the “-help” option:
USAGE: compiler [options] <input file>
OPTIONS:
Choose optimization level:
-g - No optimizations, enable debugging
-O1 - Enable trivial optimizations
-O2 - Enable default optimizations
-O3 - Enable expensive optimizations
-debug_level - Set the debugging level:
=none - disable debug information
=quick - enable quick debug information
=detailed - enable detailed debug information
-f - Enable binary output on terminals
-help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
-o <filename> - Specify output filename
-quiet - Don't print informational messages
Again, the only structural difference between the debug level declaration and the optimization level declaration is that the debug level declaration includes an option name ("debug_level"), which automatically changes how the library processes the argument. The CommandLine library supports both forms so that you can choose the form most appropriate for your application.
Now that we have the standard run-of-the-mill argument types out of the way, lets get a little wild and crazy. Lets say that we want our optimizer to accept a list of optimizations to perform, allowing duplicates. For example, we might want to run: “compiler -dce -constprop -inline -dce -strip”. In this case, the order of the arguments and the number of appearances is very important. This is what the “cl::list” template is for. First, start by defining an enum of the optimizations that you would like to perform:
enum Opts {
// 'inline' is a C++ keyword, so name it 'inlining'
dce, constprop, inlining, strip
};
Then define your “cl::list” variable:
cl::list<Opts> OptimizationList(cl::desc("Available Optimizations:"),
cl::values(
clEnumVal(dce , "Dead Code Elimination"),
clEnumVal(constprop , "Constant Propagation"),
clEnumValN(inlining, "inline", "Procedure Integration"),
clEnumVal(strip , "Strip Symbols")));
This defines a variable that is conceptually of the type “std::vector<enum Opts>”. Thus, you can access it with standard vector methods:
for (unsigned i = 0; i != OptimizationList.size(); ++i)
switch (OptimizationList[i])
...
... to iterate through the list of options specified.
Note that the “cl::list” template is completely general and may be used with any data types or other arguments that you can use with the “cl::opt” template. One especially useful way to use a list is to capture all of the positional arguments together if there may be more than one specified. In the case of a linker, for example, the linker takes several ‘.o‘ files, and needs to capture them into a list. This is naturally specified as:
...
cl::list<std::string> InputFilenames(cl::Positional, cl::desc("<Input files>"), cl::OneOrMore);
...
This variable works just like a “vector<string>” object. As such, accessing the list is simple, just like above. In this example, we used the cl::OneOrMore modifier to inform the CommandLine library that it is an error if the user does not specify any .o files on our command line. Again, this just reduces the amount of checking we have to do.
Instead of collecting sets of options in a list, it is also possible to gather information for enum values in a bit vector. The representation used by the cl::bits class is an unsigned integer. An enum value is represented by a 0/1 in the enum’s ordinal value bit position. 1 indicating that the enum was specified, 0 otherwise. As each specified value is parsed, the resulting enum’s bit is set in the option’s bit vector:
bits |= 1 << (unsigned)enum;
Options that are specified multiple times are redundant. Any instances after the first are discarded.
Reworking the above list example, we could replace cl::list with cl::bits:
cl::bits<Opts> OptimizationBits(cl::desc("Available Optimizations:"),
cl::values(
clEnumVal(dce , "Dead Code Elimination"),
clEnumVal(constprop , "Constant Propagation"),
clEnumValN(inlining, "inline", "Procedure Integration"),
clEnumVal(strip , "Strip Symbols")));
To test to see if constprop was specified, we can use the cl:bits::isSet function:
if (OptimizationBits.isSet(constprop)) {
...
}
It’s also possible to get the raw bit vector using the cl::bits::getBits function:
unsigned bits = OptimizationBits.getBits();
Finally, if external storage is used, then the location specified must be of type unsigned. In all other ways a cl::bits option is equivalent to a cl::list option.
As our program grows and becomes more mature, we may decide to put summary information about what it does into the help output. The help output is styled to look similar to a Unix man page, providing concise information about a program. Unix man pages, however often have a description about what the program does. To add this to your CommandLine program, simply pass a third argument to the cl::ParseCommandLineOptions call in main. This additional argument is then printed as the overview information for your program, allowing you to include any additional information that you want. For example:
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
cl::ParseCommandLineOptions(argc, argv, " CommandLine compiler example\n\n"
" This program blah blah blah...\n");
...
}
would yield the help output:
**OVERVIEW: CommandLine compiler example
This program blah blah blah...**
USAGE: compiler [options] <input file>
OPTIONS:
...
-help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
-o <filename> - Specify output filename
If our program has a large number of options it may become difficult for users of our tool to navigate the output of -help. To alleviate this problem we can put our options into categories. This can be done by declaring option categories (cl::OptionCategory objects) and then placing our options into these categories using the cl::cat option attribute. For example:
cl::OptionCategory StageSelectionCat("Stage Selection Options",
"These control which stages are run.");
cl::opt<bool> Preprocessor("E",cl::desc("Run preprocessor stage."),
cl::cat(StageSelectionCat));
cl::opt<bool> NoLink("c",cl::desc("Run all stages except linking."),
cl::cat(StageSelectionCat));
The output of -help will become categorized if an option category is declared. The output looks something like
OVERVIEW: This is a small program to demo the LLVM CommandLine API
USAGE: Sample [options]
OPTIONS:
General options:
-help - Display available options (-help-hidden for more)
-help-list - Display list of available options (-help-list-hidden for more)
Stage Selection Options:
These control which stages are run.
-E - Run preprocessor stage.
-c - Run all stages except linking.
In addition to the behaviour of -help changing when an option category is declared, the command line option -help-list becomes visible which will print the command line options as uncategorized list.
Note that Options that are not explicitly categorized will be placed in the cl::GeneralCategory category.
Now that you know the basics of how to use the CommandLine library, this section will give you the detailed information you need to tune how command line options work, as well as information on more “advanced” command line option processing capabilities.
Positional arguments are those arguments that are not named, and are not specified with a hyphen. Positional arguments should be used when an option is specified by its position alone. For example, the standard Unix grep tool takes a regular expression argument, and an optional filename to search through (which defaults to standard input if a filename is not specified). Using the CommandLine library, this would be specified as:
cl::opt<string> Regex (cl::Positional, cl::desc("<regular expression>"), cl::Required);
cl::opt<string> Filename(cl::Positional, cl::desc("<input file>"), cl::init("-"));
Given these two option declarations, the -help output for our grep replacement would look like this:
USAGE: spiffygrep [options] <regular expression> <input file>
OPTIONS:
-help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
... and the resultant program could be used just like the standard grep tool.
Positional arguments are sorted by their order of construction. This means that command line options will be ordered according to how they are listed in a .cpp file, but will not have an ordering defined if the positional arguments are defined in multiple .cpp files. The fix for this problem is simply to define all of your positional arguments in one .cpp file.
Sometimes you may want to specify a value to your positional argument that starts with a hyphen (for example, searching for ‘-foo‘ in a file). At first, you will have trouble doing this, because it will try to find an argument named ‘-foo‘, and will fail (and single quotes will not save you). Note that the system grep has the same problem:
$ spiffygrep '-foo' test.txt
Unknown command line argument '-foo'. Try: spiffygrep -help'
$ grep '-foo' test.txt
grep: illegal option -- f
grep: illegal option -- o
grep: illegal option -- o
Usage: grep -hblcnsviw pattern file . . .
The solution for this problem is the same for both your tool and the system version: use the ‘--‘ marker. When the user specifies ‘--‘ on the command line, it is telling the program that all options after the ‘--‘ should be treated as positional arguments, not options. Thus, we can use it like this:
$ spiffygrep -- -foo test.txt
...output...
Sometimes an option can affect or modify the meaning of another option. For example, consider gcc‘s -x LANG option. This tells gcc to ignore the suffix of subsequent positional arguments and force the file to be interpreted as if it contained source code in language LANG. In order to handle this properly, you need to know the absolute position of each argument, especially those in lists, so their interaction(s) can be applied correctly. This is also useful for options like -llibname which is actually a positional argument that starts with a dash.
So, generally, the problem is that you have two cl::list variables that interact in some way. To ensure the correct interaction, you can use the cl::list::getPosition(optnum) method. This method returns the absolute position (as found on the command line) of the optnum item in the cl::list.
The idiom for usage is like this:
static cl::list<std::string> Files(cl::Positional, cl::OneOrMore);
static cl::list<std::string> Libraries("l", cl::ZeroOrMore);
int main(int argc, char**argv) {
// ...
std::vector<std::string>::iterator fileIt = Files.begin();
std::vector<std::string>::iterator libIt = Libraries.begin();
unsigned libPos = 0, filePos = 0;
while ( 1 ) {
if ( libIt != Libraries.end() )
libPos = Libraries.getPosition( libIt - Libraries.begin() );
else
libPos = 0;
if ( fileIt != Files.end() )
filePos = Files.getPosition( fileIt - Files.begin() );
else
filePos = 0;
if ( filePos != 0 && (libPos == 0 || filePos < libPos) ) {
// Source File Is next
++fileIt;
}
else if ( libPos != 0 && (filePos == 0 || libPos < filePos) ) {
// Library is next
++libIt;
}
else
break; // we're done with the list
}
}
Note that, for compatibility reasons, the cl::opt also supports an unsigned getPosition() option that will provide the absolute position of that option. You can apply the same approach as above with a cl::opt and a cl::list option as you can with two lists.
The cl::ConsumeAfter formatting option is used to construct programs that use “interpreter style” option processing. With this style of option processing, all arguments specified after the last positional argument are treated as special interpreter arguments that are not interpreted by the command line argument.
As a concrete example, lets say we are developing a replacement for the standard Unix Bourne shell (/bin/sh). To run /bin/sh, first you specify options to the shell itself (like -x which turns on trace output), then you specify the name of the script to run, then you specify arguments to the script. These arguments to the script are parsed by the Bourne shell command line option processor, but are not interpreted as options to the shell itself. Using the CommandLine library, we would specify this as:
cl::opt<string> Script(cl::Positional, cl::desc("<input script>"), cl::init("-"));
cl::list<string> Argv(cl::ConsumeAfter, cl::desc("<program arguments>..."));
cl::opt<bool> Trace("x", cl::desc("Enable trace output"));
which automatically provides the help output:
USAGE: spiffysh [options] <input script> <program arguments>...
OPTIONS:
-help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
-x - Enable trace output
At runtime, if we run our new shell replacement as `spiffysh -x test.sh -a -x -y bar‘, the Trace variable will be set to true, the Script variable will be set to “test.sh”, and the Argv list will contain ["-a", "-x", "-y", "bar"], because they were specified after the last positional argument (which is the script name).
There are several limitations to when cl::ConsumeAfter options can be specified. For example, only one cl::ConsumeAfter can be specified per program, there must be at least one positional argument specified, there must not be any cl::list positional arguments, and the cl::ConsumeAfter option should be a cl::list option.
By default, all command line options automatically hold the value that they parse from the command line. This is very convenient in the common case, especially when combined with the ability to define command line options in the files that use them. This is called the internal storage model.
Sometimes, however, it is nice to separate the command line option processing code from the storage of the value parsed. For example, lets say that we have a ‘-debug‘ option that we would like to use to enable debug information across the entire body of our program. In this case, the boolean value controlling the debug code should be globally accessible (in a header file, for example) yet the command line option processing code should not be exposed to all of these clients (requiring lots of .cpp files to #include CommandLine.h).
To do this, set up your .h file with your option, like this for example:
// DebugFlag.h - Get access to the '-debug' command line option
//
// DebugFlag - This boolean is set to true if the '-debug' command line option
// is specified. This should probably not be referenced directly, instead, use
// the DEBUG macro below.
//
extern bool DebugFlag;
// DEBUG macro - This macro should be used by code to emit debug information.
// In the '-debug' option is specified on the command line, and if this is a
// debug build, then the code specified as the option to the macro will be
// executed. Otherwise it will not be.
#ifdef NDEBUG
#define DEBUG(X)
#else
#define DEBUG(X) do { if (DebugFlag) { X; } } while (0)
#endif
This allows clients to blissfully use the DEBUG() macro, or the DebugFlag explicitly if they want to. Now we just need to be able to set the DebugFlag boolean when the option is set. To do this, we pass an additional argument to our command line argument processor, and we specify where to fill in with the cl::location attribute:
bool DebugFlag; // the actual value
static cl::opt<bool, true> // The parser
Debug("debug", cl::desc("Enable debug output"), cl::Hidden, cl::location(DebugFlag));
In the above example, we specify “true” as the second argument to the cl::opt template, indicating that the template should not maintain a copy of the value itself. In addition to this, we specify the cl::location attribute, so that DebugFlag is automatically set.
This section describes the basic attributes that you can specify on options.
The option name attribute (which is required for all options, except positional options) specifies what the option name is. This option is specified in simple double quotes:
cl::opt<bool> Quiet("quiet");
The cl::init attribute specifies an initial value for a scalar option. If this attribute is not specified then the command line option value defaults to the value created by the default constructor for the type.
Warning
If you specify both cl::init and cl::location for an option, you must specify cl::location first, so that when the command-line parser sees cl::init, it knows where to put the initial value. (You will get an error at runtime if you don’t put them in the right order.)
The cl::values attribute specifies the string-to-value mapping to be used by the generic parser. It takes a list of (option, value, description) triplets that specify the option name, the value mapped to, and the description shown in the -help for the tool. Because the generic parser is used most frequently with enum values, two macros are often useful:
You will get a compile time error if you try to use cl::values with a parser that does not support it.
Option modifiers are the flags and expressions that you pass into the constructors for cl::opt and cl::list. These modifiers give you the ability to tweak how options are parsed and how -help output is generated to fit your application well.
These options fall into five main categories:
It is not possible to specify two options from the same category (you’ll get a runtime error) to a single option, except for options in the miscellaneous category. The CommandLine library specifies defaults for all of these settings that are the most useful in practice and the most common, which mean that you usually shouldn’t have to worry about these.
The cl::NotHidden, cl::Hidden, and cl::ReallyHidden modifiers are used to control whether or not an option appears in the -help and -help-hidden output for the compiled program:
This group of options is used to control how many time an option is allowed (or required) to be specified on the command line of your program. Specifying a value for this setting allows the CommandLine library to do error checking for you.
The allowed values for this option group are:
If an option is not specified, then the value of the option is equal to the value specified by the cl::init attribute. If the cl::init attribute is not specified, the option value is initialized with the default constructor for the data type.
If an option is specified multiple times for an option of the cl::opt class, only the last value will be retained.
This group of options is used to control whether or not the option allows a value to be present. In the case of the CommandLine library, a value is either specified with an equal sign (e.g. ‘-index-depth=17‘) or as a trailing string (e.g. ‘-o a.out‘).
The allowed values for this option group are:
In general, the default values for this option group work just like you would want them to. As mentioned above, you can specify the cl::ValueDisallowed modifier to a boolean argument to restrict your command line parser. These options are mostly useful when extending the library.
The formatting option group is used to specify that the command line option has special abilities and is otherwise different from other command line arguments. As usual, you can only specify one of these arguments at most.
The CommandLine library does not restrict how you use the cl::Prefix or cl::Grouping modifiers, but it is possible to specify ambiguous argument settings. Thus, it is possible to have multiple letter options that are prefix or grouping options, and they will still work as designed.
To do this, the CommandLine library uses a greedy algorithm to parse the input option into (potentially multiple) prefix and grouping options. The strategy basically looks like this:
parse(string OrigInput) {
1. string input = OrigInput;
2. if (isOption(input)) return getOption(input).parse(); // Normal option
3. while (!isOption(input) && !input.empty()) input.pop_back(); // Remove the last letter
4. if (input.empty()) return error(); // No matching option
5. if (getOption(input).isPrefix())
return getOption(input).parse(input);
6. while (!input.empty()) { // Must be grouping options
getOption(input).parse();
OrigInput.erase(OrigInput.begin(), OrigInput.begin()+input.length());
input = OrigInput;
while (!isOption(input) && !input.empty()) input.pop_back();
}
7. if (!OrigInput.empty()) error();
}
The miscellaneous option modifiers are the only flags where you can specify more than one flag from the set: they are not mutually exclusive. These flags specify boolean properties that modify the option.
So far, these are the only three miscellaneous option modifiers.
Some systems, such as certain variants of Microsoft Windows and some older Unices have a relatively low limit on command-line length. It is therefore customary to use the so-called ‘response files’ to circumvent this restriction. These files are mentioned on the command-line (using the “@file”) syntax. The program reads these files and inserts the contents into argv, thereby working around the command-line length limits. Response files are enabled by an optional fourth argument to cl::ParseEnvironmentOptions and cl::ParseCommandLineOptions.
Despite all of the built-in flexibility, the CommandLine option library really only consists of one function cl::ParseCommandLineOptions) and three main classes: cl::opt, cl::list, and cl::alias. This section describes these three classes in detail.
The cl::getRegisteredOptions function is designed to give a programmer access to declared non-positional command line options so that how they appear in -help can be modified prior to calling cl::ParseCommandLineOptions. Note this method should not be called during any static initialisation because it cannot be guaranteed that all options will have been initialised. Hence it should be called from main.
This function can be used to gain access to options declared in libraries that the tool writter may not have direct access to.
The function retrieves a StringMap that maps the option string (e.g. -help) to an Option*.
Here is an example of how the function could be used:
using namespace llvm;
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
cl::OptionCategory AnotherCategory("Some options");
StringMap<cl::Option*> &Map = cl::getRegisteredOptions();
//Unhide useful option and put it in a different category
assert(Map.count("print-all-options") > 0);
Map["print-all-options"]->setHiddenFlag(cl::NotHidden);
Map["print-all-options"]->setCategory(AnotherCategory);
//Hide an option we don't want to see
assert(Map.count("enable-no-infs-fp-math") > 0);
Map["enable-no-infs-fp-math"]->setHiddenFlag(cl::Hidden);
//Change --version to --show-version
assert(Map.count("version") > 0);
Map["version"]->setArgStr("show-version");
//Change --help description
assert(Map.count("help") > 0);
Map["help"]->setDescription("Shows help");
cl::ParseCommandLineOptions(argc, argv, "This is a small program to demo the LLVM CommandLine API");
...
}
The cl::ParseCommandLineOptions function is designed to be called directly from main, and is used to fill in the values of all of the command line option variables once argc and argv are available.
The cl::ParseCommandLineOptions function requires two parameters (argc and argv), but may also take an optional third parameter which holds additional extra text to emit when the -help option is invoked, and a fourth boolean parameter that enables response files.
The cl::ParseEnvironmentOptions function has mostly the same effects as cl::ParseCommandLineOptions, except that it is designed to take values for options from an environment variable, for those cases in which reading the command line is not convenient or desired. It fills in the values of all the command line option variables just like cl::ParseCommandLineOptions does.
It takes four parameters: the name of the program (since argv may not be available, it can’t just look in argv[0]), the name of the environment variable to examine, the optional additional extra text to emit when the -help option is invoked, and the boolean switch that controls whether response files should be read.
cl::ParseEnvironmentOptions will break the environment variable’s value up into words and then process them using cl::ParseCommandLineOptions. Note: Currently cl::ParseEnvironmentOptions does not support quoting, so an environment variable containing -option "foo bar" will be parsed as three words, -option, "foo, and bar", which is different from what you would get from the shell with the same input.
The cl::SetVersionPrinter function is designed to be called directly from main and before cl::ParseCommandLineOptions. Its use is optional. It simply arranges for a function to be called in response to the --version option instead of having the CommandLine library print out the usual version string for LLVM. This is useful for programs that are not part of LLVM but wish to use the CommandLine facilities. Such programs should just define a small function that takes no arguments and returns void and that prints out whatever version information is appropriate for the program. Pass the address of that function to cl::SetVersionPrinter to arrange for it to be called when the --version option is given by the user.
The cl::opt class is the class used to represent scalar command line options, and is the one used most of the time. It is a templated class which can take up to three arguments (all except for the first have default values though):
namespace cl {
template <class DataType, bool ExternalStorage = false,
class ParserClass = parser<DataType> >
class opt;
}
The first template argument specifies what underlying data type the command line argument is, and is used to select a default parser implementation. The second template argument is used to specify whether the option should contain the storage for the option (the default) or whether external storage should be used to contain the value parsed for the option (see Internal vs External Storage for more information).
The third template argument specifies which parser to use. The default value selects an instantiation of the parser class based on the underlying data type of the option. In general, this default works well for most applications, so this option is only used when using a custom parser.
The cl::list class is the class used to represent a list of command line options. It too is a templated class which can take up to three arguments:
namespace cl {
template <class DataType, class Storage = bool,
class ParserClass = parser<DataType> >
class list;
}
This class works the exact same as the cl::opt class, except that the second argument is the type of the external storage, not a boolean value. For this class, the marker type ‘bool‘ is used to indicate that internal storage should be used.
The cl::bits class is the class used to represent a list of command line options in the form of a bit vector. It is also a templated class which can take up to three arguments:
namespace cl {
template <class DataType, class Storage = bool,
class ParserClass = parser<DataType> >
class bits;
}
This class works the exact same as the cl::list class, except that the second argument must be of type unsigned if external storage is used.
The cl::alias class is a nontemplated class that is used to form aliases for other arguments.
namespace cl {
class alias;
}
The cl::aliasopt attribute should be used to specify which option this is an alias for. Alias arguments default to being cl::Hidden, and use the aliased options parser to do the conversion from string to data.
The cl::extrahelp class is a nontemplated class that allows extra help text to be printed out for the -help option.
namespace cl {
struct extrahelp;
}
To use the extrahelp, simply construct one with a const char* parameter to the constructor. The text passed to the constructor will be printed at the bottom of the help message, verbatim. Note that multiple cl::extrahelp can be used, but this practice is discouraged. If your tool needs to print additional help information, put all that help into a single cl::extrahelp instance.
For example:
cl::extrahelp("\nADDITIONAL HELP:\n\n This is the extra help\n");
The cl::OptionCategory class is a simple class for declaring option categories.
namespace cl {
class OptionCategory;
}
An option category must have a name and optionally a description which are passed to the constructor as const char*.
Note that declaring an option category and associating it with an option before parsing options (e.g. statically) will change the output of -help from uncategorized to categorized. If an option category is declared but not associated with an option then it will be hidden from the output of -help but will be shown in the output of -help-hidden.
Parsers control how the string value taken from the command line is translated into a typed value, suitable for use in a C++ program. By default, the CommandLine library uses an instance of parser<type> if the command line option specifies that it uses values of type ‘type‘. Because of this, custom option processing is specified with specializations of the ‘parser‘ class.
The CommandLine library provides the following builtin parser specializations, which are sufficient for most applications. It can, however, also be extended to work with new data types and new ways of interpreting the same data. See the Writing a Custom Parser for more details on this type of library extension.
Although the CommandLine library has a lot of functionality built into it already (as discussed previously), one of its true strengths lie in its extensibility. This section discusses how the CommandLine library works under the covers and illustrates how to do some simple, common, extensions.
One of the simplest and most common extensions is the use of a custom parser. As discussed previously, parsers are the portion of the CommandLine library that turns string input from the user into a particular parsed data type, validating the input in the process.
There are two ways to use a new parser:
Specialize the cl::parser template for your custom data type.
This approach has the advantage that users of your custom data type will automatically use your custom parser whenever they define an option with a value type of your data type. The disadvantage of this approach is that it doesn’t work if your fundamental data type is something that is already supported.
Write an independent class, using it explicitly from options that need it.
This approach works well in situations where you would line to parse an option using special syntax for a not-very-special data-type. The drawback of this approach is that users of your parser have to be aware that they are using your parser instead of the builtin ones.
To guide the discussion, we will discuss a custom parser that accepts file sizes, specified with an optional unit after the numeric size. For example, we would like to parse “102kb”, “41M”, “1G” into the appropriate integer value. In this case, the underlying data type we want to parse into is ‘unsigned‘. We choose approach #2 above because we don’t want to make this the default for all unsigned options.
To start out, we declare our new FileSizeParser class:
struct FileSizeParser : public cl::parser<unsigned> {
// parse - Return true on error.
bool parse(cl::Option &O, StringRef ArgName, const std::string &ArgValue,
unsigned &Val);
};
Our new class inherits from the cl::parser template class to fill in the default, boiler plate code for us. We give it the data type that we parse into, the last argument to the parse method, so that clients of our custom parser know what object type to pass in to the parse method. (Here we declare that we parse into ‘unsigned‘ variables.)
For most purposes, the only method that must be implemented in a custom parser is the parse method. The parse method is called whenever the option is invoked, passing in the option itself, the option name, the string to parse, and a reference to a return value. If the string to parse is not well-formed, the parser should output an error message and return true. Otherwise it should return false and set ‘Val‘ to the parsed value. In our example, we implement parse as:
bool FileSizeParser::parse(cl::Option &O, StringRef ArgName,
const std::string &Arg, unsigned &Val) {
const char *ArgStart = Arg.c_str();
char *End;
// Parse integer part, leaving 'End' pointing to the first non-integer char
Val = (unsigned)strtol(ArgStart, &End, 0);
while (1) {
switch (*End++) {
case 0: return false; // No error
case 'i': // Ignore the 'i' in KiB if people use that
case 'b': case 'B': // Ignore B suffix
break;
case 'g': case 'G': Val *= 1024*1024*1024; break;
case 'm': case 'M': Val *= 1024*1024; break;
case 'k': case 'K': Val *= 1024; break;
default:
// Print an error message if unrecognized character!
return O.error("'" + Arg + "' value invalid for file size argument!");
}
}
}
This function implements a very simple parser for the kinds of strings we are interested in. Although it has some holes (it allows “123KKK” for example), it is good enough for this example. Note that we use the option itself to print out the error message (the error method always returns true) in order to get a nice error message (shown below). Now that we have our parser class, we can use it like this:
static cl::opt<unsigned, false, FileSizeParser>
MFS("max-file-size", cl::desc("Maximum file size to accept"),
cl::value_desc("size"));
Which adds this to the output of our program:
OPTIONS:
-help - display available options (-help-hidden for more)
...
-max-file-size=<size> - Maximum file size to accept
And we can test that our parse works correctly now (the test program just prints out the max-file-size argument value):
$ ./test
MFS: 0
$ ./test -max-file-size=123MB
MFS: 128974848
$ ./test -max-file-size=3G
MFS: 3221225472
$ ./test -max-file-size=dog
-max-file-size option: 'dog' value invalid for file size argument!
It looks like it works. The error message that we get is nice and helpful, and we seem to accept reasonable file sizes. This wraps up the “custom parser” tutorial.
Several of the LLVM libraries define static cl::opt instances that will automatically be included in any program that links with that library. This is a feature. However, sometimes it is necessary to know the value of the command line option outside of the library. In these cases the library does or should provide an external storage location that is accessible to users of the library. Examples of this include the llvm::DebugFlag exported by the lib/Support/Debug.cpp file and the llvm::TimePassesIsEnabled flag exported by the lib/VMCore/PassManager.cpp file.