Developing lld Readers

Introduction

The purpose of a “Reader” is to take an object file in a particular format and create an lld::File (which is a graph of Atoms) representing the object file. A Reader inherits from lld::Reader which lives in include/lld/Core/Reader.h and lib/Core/Reader.cpp.

The Reader infrastructure for an object format Foo requires the following pieces in order to fit into lld:

include/lld/ReaderWriter/ReaderFoo.h

class ReaderOptionsFoo : public ReaderOptions

This Options class is the only way to configure how the Reader will parse any file into an lld::Reader object. This class should be declared in the lld namespace.

Reader* createReaderFoo(ReaderOptionsFoo& reader)

This factory function configures and create the Reader. This function should be declared in the lld namespace.

lib/ReaderWriter/Foo/ReaderFoo.cpp

class ReaderFoo : public Reader

This is the concrete Reader class which can be called to parse object files. It should be declared in an anonymous namespace or if there is shared code with the lld::WriterFoo you can make a nested namespace (e.g. lld::foo).

You may have noticed that ReaderFoo is not declared in the .h file. An important design aspect of lld is that all Readers are created only through an object-format-specific createReaderFoo() factory function. The creation of the Reader is parametrized through a ReaderOptionsFoo class. This options class is the one-and-only way to control how the Reader operates when parsing an input file into an Atom graph. For instance, you may want the Reader to only accept certain architectures. The options class can be instantiated from command line options or be programmatically configured.

Where to start

The lld project already has a skeleton of source code for Readers for ELF, PECOFF, MachO, and lld’s native YAML graph format. If your file format is a variant of one of those, you should modify the existing Reader to support your variant. This is done by customizing the Options class for the Reader and making appropriate changes to the .cpp file to interpret those options and act accordingly.

If your object file format is not a variant of any existing Reader, you’ll need to create a new Reader subclass with the organization described above.

Readers are factories

The linker will usually only instantiate your Reader once. That one Reader will have its loadFile() method called many times with different input files. To support multithreaded linking, the Reader may be parsing multiple input files in parallel. Therefore, there should be no parsing state in you Reader object. Any parsing state should be in ivars of your File subclass or in some temporary object.

The key method to implement in a reader is:

virtual error_code loadFile(LinkerInput &input,
                            std::vector<std::unique_ptr<File>> &result);

It takes a memory buffer (which contains the contents of the object file being read) and returns an instantiated lld::File object which is a collection of Atoms. The result is a vector of File pointers (instead of simple a File pointer) because some file formats allow multiple object “files” to be encoded in one file system file.

Memory Ownership

Atoms are always owned by their File object. During core linking when Atoms are coalesced or stripped away, core linking does not delete them. Core linking just removes those unused Atoms from its internal list. The destructor of a File object is responsible for deleting all Atoms it owns, and if ownership of the MemoryBuffer was passed to it, the File destructor needs to delete that too.

Making Atoms

The internal model of lld is purely Atom based. But most object files do not have an explicit concept of Atoms, instead most have “sections”. The way to think of this is that a section is just a list of Atoms with common attributes.

The first step in parsing section-based object files is to cleave each section into a list of Atoms. The technique may vary by section type. For code sections (e.g. .text), there are usually symbols at the start of each function. Those symbol addresses are the points at which the section is cleaved into discrete Atoms. Some file formats (like ELF) also include the length of each symbol in the symbol table. Otherwise, the length of each Atom is calculated to run to the start of the next symbol or the end of the section.

Other sections types can be implicitly cleaved. For instance c-string literals or unwind info (e.g. .eh_frame) can be cleaved by having the Reader look at the content of the section. It is important to cleave sections into Atoms to remove false dependencies. For instance the .eh_frame section often has no symbols, but contains “pointers” to the functions for which it has unwind info. If the .eh_frame section was not cleaved (but left as one big Atom), there would always be a reference (from the eh_frame Atom) to each function. So the linker would be unable to coalesce or dead stripped away the function atoms.

The lld Atom model also requires that a reference to an undefined symbol be modeled as a Reference to an UndefinedAtom. So the Reader also needs to create an UndefinedAtom for each undefined symbol in the object file.

Once all Atoms have been created, the second step is to create References (recall that Atoms are “nodes” and References are “edges”). Most References are created by looking at the “relocation records” in the object file. If a function contains a call to “malloc”, there is usually a relocation record specifying the address in the section and the symbol table index. Your Reader will need to convert the address to an Atom and offset and the symbol table index into a target Atom. If “malloc” is not defined in the object file, the target Atom of the Reference will be an UndefinedAtom.

Performance

Once you have the above working to parse an object file into Atoms and References, you’ll want to look at performance. Some techniques that can help performance are:

• Use llvm::BumpPtrAllocator or pre-allocate one big vector<Reference> and then just have each atom point to its subrange of References in that vector. This can be faster that allocating each Reference as separate object.
• Pre-scan the symbol table and determine how many atoms are in each section then allocate space for all the Atom objects at once.
• Don’t copy symbol names or section content to each Atom, instead use StringRef and ArrayRef in each Atom to point to its name and content in the MemoryBuffer.

Testing

We are still working on infrastructure to test Readers. The issue is that you don’t want to check in binary files to the test suite. And the tools for creating your object file from assembly source may not be available on every OS.

We are investigating a way to use YAML to describe the section, symbols, and content of a file. Then have some code which will write out an object file from that YAML description.

Once that is in place, you can write test cases that contain section/symbols YAML and is run through the linker to produce Atom/References based YAML which is then run through FileCheck to verify the Atoms and References are as expected.