Examples¶

The following program illustrates the rules for NSNumber literals:

void main(int argc, const char *argv[]) {
  // character literals.
  NSNumber *theLetterZ = @'Z';          // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithChar:'Z']

  // integral literals.
  NSNumber *fortyTwo = @42;             // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithInt:42]
  NSNumber *fortyTwoUnsigned = @42U;    // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithUnsignedInt:42U]
  NSNumber *fortyTwoLong = @42L;        // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithLong:42L]
  NSNumber *fortyTwoLongLong = @42LL;   // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithLongLong:42LL]

  // floating point literals.
  NSNumber *piFloat = @3.141592654F;    // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithFloat:3.141592654F]
  NSNumber *piDouble = @3.1415926535;   // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithDouble:3.1415926535]

  // BOOL literals.
  NSNumber *yesNumber = @YES;           // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithBool:YES]
  NSNumber *noNumber = @NO;             // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithBool:NO]

#ifdef __cplusplus
  NSNumber *trueNumber = @true;         // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithBool:(BOOL)true]
  NSNumber *falseNumber = @false;       // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithBool:(BOOL)false]
#endif
}

Discussion¶

NSNumber literals only support literal scalar values after the '@'. Consequently, @INT_MAX works, but @INT_MIN does not, because they are defined like this:

#define INT_MAX   2147483647  /* max value for an int */
#define INT_MIN   (-2147483647-1) /* min value for an int */

The definition of INT_MIN is not a simple literal, but a parenthesized expression. Parenthesized expressions are supported using the boxed expression syntax, which is described in the next section.

Because NSNumber does not currently support wrapping long double values, the use of a long double NSNumber literal (e.g. @123.23L) will be rejected by the compiler.

Previously, the BOOL type was simply a typedef for signed char, and YES and NO were macros that expand to (BOOL)1 and (BOOL)0 respectively. To support @YES and @NO expressions, these macros are now defined using new language keywords in <objc/objc.h>:

#if __has_feature(objc_bool)
#define YES             __objc_yes
#define NO              __objc_no
#else
#define YES             ((BOOL)1)
#define NO              ((BOOL)0)
#endif

The compiler implicitly converts __objc_yes and __objc_no to (BOOL)1 and (BOOL)0. The keywords are used to disambiguate BOOL and integer literals.

Objective-C++ also supports @true and @false expressions, which are equivalent to @YES and @NO.

Boxed Enums¶

Cocoa frameworks frequently define constant values using enums. Although enum values are integral, they may not be used directly as boxed literals (this avoids conflicts with future '@'-prefixed Objective-C keywords). Instead, an enum value must be placed inside a boxed expression. The following example demonstrates configuring an AVAudioRecorder using a dictionary that contains a boxed enumeration value:

enum {
  AVAudioQualityMin = 0,
  AVAudioQualityLow = 0x20,
  AVAudioQualityMedium = 0x40,
  AVAudioQualityHigh = 0x60,
  AVAudioQualityMax = 0x7F
};

- (AVAudioRecorder *)recordToFile:(NSURL *)fileURL {
  NSDictionary *settings = @{ AVEncoderAudioQualityKey : @(AVAudioQualityMax) };
  return [[AVAudioRecorder alloc] initWithURL:fileURL settings:settings error:NULL];
}

The expression @(AVAudioQualityMax) converts AVAudioQualityMax to an integer type, and boxes the value accordingly. If the enum has a fixed underlying type as in:

typedef enum : unsigned char { Red, Green, Blue } Color;
NSNumber *red = @(Red), *green = @(Green), *blue = @(Blue); // => [NSNumber numberWithUnsignedChar:]

then the fixed underlying type will be used to select the correct NSNumber creation method.

Boxing a value of enum type will result in a NSNumber pointer with a creation method according to the underlying type of the enum, which can be a fixed underlying type or a compiler-defined integer type capable of representing the values of all the members of the enumeration:

typedef enum : unsigned char { Red, Green, Blue } Color;
Color col = Red;
NSNumber *nsCol = @(col); // => [NSNumber numberWithUnsignedChar:]

Boxed C Strings¶

A C string literal prefixed by the '@' token denotes an NSString literal in the same way a numeric literal prefixed by the '@' token denotes an NSNumber literal. When the type of the parenthesized expression is (char *) or (const char *), the result of the boxed expression is a pointer to an NSString object containing equivalent character data, which is assumed to be ‘\0’-terminated and UTF-8 encoded. The following example converts C-style command line arguments into NSString objects.

// Partition command line arguments into positional and option arguments.
NSMutableArray *args = [NSMutableArray new];
NSMutableDictionary *options = [NSMutableDictionary new];
while (--argc) {
    const char *arg = *++argv;
    if (strncmp(arg, "--", 2) == 0) {
        options[@(arg + 2)] = @(*++argv);   // --key value
    } else {
        [args addObject:@(arg)];            // positional argument
    }
}

As with all C pointers, character pointer expressions can involve arbitrary pointer arithmetic, therefore programmers must ensure that the character data is valid. Passing NULL as the character pointer will raise an exception at runtime. When possible, the compiler will reject NULL character pointers used in boxed expressions.

Boxed C Structures¶

Boxed expressions support construction of NSValue objects. It said that C structures can be used, the only requirement is: structure should be marked with objc_boxable attribute. To support older version of frameworks and/or third-party libraries you may need to add the attribute via typedef.

struct __attribute__((objc_boxable)) Point {
    // ...
};

typedef struct __attribute__((objc_boxable)) _Size {
    // ...
} Size;

typedef struct _Rect {
    // ...
} Rect;

struct Point p;
NSValue *point = @(p);          // ok
Size s;
NSValue *size = @(s);           // ok

Rect r;
NSValue *bad_rect = @(r);       // error

typedef struct __attribute__((objc_boxable)) _Rect Rect;

NSValue *good_rect = @(r);      // ok

Examples¶

Immutable array expression:

NSArray *array = @[ @"Hello", NSApp, [NSNumber numberWithInt:42] ];

This creates an NSArray with 3 elements. The comma-separated sub-expressions of an array literal can be any Objective-C object pointer typed expression.

Immutable dictionary expression:

NSDictionary *dictionary = @{
    @"name" : NSUserName(),
    @"date" : [NSDate date],
    @"processInfo" : [NSProcessInfo processInfo]
};

This creates an NSDictionary with 3 key/value pairs. Value sub-expressions of a dictionary literal must be Objective-C object pointer typed, as in array literals. Key sub-expressions must be of an Objective-C object pointer type that implements the <NSCopying> protocol.

Discussion¶

Neither keys nor values can have the value nil in containers. If the compiler can prove that a key or value is nil at compile time, then a warning will be emitted. Otherwise, a runtime error will occur.

Using array and dictionary literals is safer than the variadic creation forms commonly in use today. Array literal expressions expand to calls to +[NSArray arrayWithObjects:count:], which validates that all objects are non-nil. The variadic form, +[NSArray arrayWithObjects:] uses nil as an argument list terminator, which can lead to malformed array objects. Dictionary literals are similarly created with +[NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjects:forKeys:count:] which validates all objects and keys, unlike +[NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:] which also uses a nil parameter as an argument list terminator.

Examples¶

The following code demonstrates the use of object subscripting syntax with NSMutableArray and NSMutableDictionary objects:

NSMutableArray *array = ...;
NSUInteger idx = ...;
id newObject = ...;
id oldObject = array[idx];
array[idx] = newObject;         // replace oldObject with newObject

NSMutableDictionary *dictionary = ...;
NSString *key = ...;
oldObject = dictionary[key];
dictionary[key] = newObject;    // replace oldObject with newObject

The next section explains how subscripting expressions map to accessor methods.

Subscripting Methods¶

Objective-C supports two kinds of subscript expressions: array-style subscript expressions use integer typed subscripts; dictionary-style subscript expressions use Objective-C object pointer typed subscripts. Each type of subscript expression is mapped to a message send using a predefined selector. The advantage of this design is flexibility: class designers are free to introduce subscripting by declaring methods or by adopting protocols. Moreover, because the method names are selected by the type of the subscript, an object can be subscripted using both array and dictionary styles.

NSUInteger idx = ...;
id value = object[idx];

id value = [object objectAtIndexedSubscript:idx];

object[idx] = newValue;

[object setObject:newValue atIndexedSubscript:idx];

id key = ...;
id value = object[key];

id value = [object objectForKeyedSubscript:key];

object[key] = newValue;

[object setObject:newValue forKeyedSubscript:key];

Discussion¶

An Objective-C subscript expression occurs when the base operand of the C subscript operator has an Objective-C object pointer type. Since this potentially collides with pointer arithmetic on the value, these expressions are only supported under the modern Objective-C runtime, which categorically forbids such arithmetic.

Currently, only subscripts of integral or Objective-C object pointer type are supported. In C++, a class type can be used if it has a single conversion function to an integral or Objective-C pointer type, in which case that conversion is applied and analysis continues as appropriate. Otherwise, the expression is ill-formed.

An Objective-C object subscript expression is always an l-value. If the expression appears on the left-hand side of a simple assignment operator (=), the element is written as described below. If the expression appears on the left-hand side of a compound assignment operator (e.g. +=), the program is ill-formed, because the result of reading an element is always an Objective-C object pointer and no binary operators are legal on such pointers. If the expression appears in any other position, the element is read as described below. It is an error to take the address of a subscript expression, or (in C++) to bind a reference to it.

Programs can use object subscripting with Objective-C object pointers of type id. Normal dynamic message send rules apply; the compiler must see some declaration of the subscripting methods, and will pick the declaration seen first.