Pointer Authentication

Introduction

Pointer Authentication is a mechanism by which certain pointers are signed. When a pointer gets signed, a cryptographic hash of its value and other values (pepper and salt) is stored in unused bits of that pointer.

Before the pointer is used, it needs to be authenticated, i.e., have its signature checked. This prevents pointer values of unknown origin from being used to replace the signed pointer value.

For more details, see the clang documentation page for Pointer Authentication.

At the IR level, it is represented using:

The current implementation leverages the Armv8.3-A PAuth/Pointer Authentication Code instructions in the AArch64 backend. This support is used to implement the Darwin arm64e ABI, as well as the PAuth ABI Extension to ELF.

LLVM IR Representation

Intrinsics

These intrinsics are provided by LLVM to expose pointer authentication operations.

‘llvm.ptrauth.sign’

Syntax:
declare i64 @llvm.ptrauth.sign(i64 <value>, i32 <key>, i64 <discriminator>)
Overview:

The ‘llvm.ptrauth.sign’ intrinsic signs a raw pointer.

Arguments:

The value argument is the raw pointer value to be signed. The key argument is the identifier of the key to be used to generate the signed value. The discriminator argument is the additional diversity data to be used as a discriminator (an integer, an address, or a blend of the two).

Semantics:

The ‘llvm.ptrauth.sign’ intrinsic implements the sign_ operation. It returns a signed value.

If value is already a signed value, the behavior is undefined.

If value is not a pointer value for which key is appropriate, the behavior is undefined.

‘llvm.ptrauth.auth’

Syntax:
declare i64 @llvm.ptrauth.auth(i64 <value>, i32 <key>, i64 <discriminator>)
Overview:

The ‘llvm.ptrauth.auth’ intrinsic authenticates a signed pointer.

Arguments:

The value argument is the signed pointer value to be authenticated. The key argument is the identifier of the key that was used to generate the signed value. The discriminator argument is the additional diversity data to be used as a discriminator.

Semantics:

The ‘llvm.ptrauth.auth’ intrinsic implements the auth_ operation. It returns a raw pointer value. If value does not have a correct signature for key and discriminator, the intrinsic traps in a target-specific way.

‘llvm.ptrauth.strip’

Syntax:
declare i64 @llvm.ptrauth.strip(i64 <value>, i32 <key>)
Overview:

The ‘llvm.ptrauth.strip’ intrinsic strips the embedded signature out of a possibly-signed pointer.

Arguments:

The value argument is the signed pointer value to be stripped. The key argument is the identifier of the key that was used to generate the signed value.

Semantics:

The ‘llvm.ptrauth.strip’ intrinsic implements the strip_ operation. It returns a raw pointer value. It does not check that the signature is valid.

key should identify a key that is appropriate for value, as defined by the target-specific keys).

If value is a raw pointer value, it is returned as-is (provided the key is appropriate for the pointer).

If value is not a pointer value for which key is appropriate, the behavior is target-specific.

If value is a signed pointer value, but key does not identify the same key that was used to generate value, the behavior is target-specific.

‘llvm.ptrauth.resign’

Syntax:
declare i64 @llvm.ptrauth.resign(i64 <value>,
                                 i32 <old key>, i64 <old discriminator>,
                                 i32 <new key>, i64 <new discriminator>)
Overview:

The ‘llvm.ptrauth.resign’ intrinsic re-signs a signed pointer using a different key and diversity data.

Arguments:

The value argument is the signed pointer value to be authenticated. The old key argument is the identifier of the key that was used to generate the signed value. The old discriminator argument is the additional diversity data to be used as a discriminator in the auth operation. The new key argument is the identifier of the key to use to generate the resigned value. The new discriminator argument is the additional diversity data to be used as a discriminator in the sign operation.

Semantics:

The ‘llvm.ptrauth.resign’ intrinsic performs a combined auth_ and sign_ operation, without exposing the intermediate raw pointer. It returns a signed pointer value. If value does not have a correct signature for old key and old discriminator, the intrinsic traps in a target-specific way.

‘llvm.ptrauth.sign_generic’

Syntax:
declare i64 @llvm.ptrauth.sign_generic(i64 <value>, i64 <discriminator>)
Overview:

The ‘llvm.ptrauth.sign_generic’ intrinsic computes a generic signature of arbitrary data.

Arguments:

The value argument is the arbitrary data value to be signed. The discriminator argument is the additional diversity data to be used as a discriminator.

Semantics:

The ‘llvm.ptrauth.sign_generic’ intrinsic computes the signature of a given combination of value and additional diversity data.

It returns a full signature value (as opposed to a signed pointer value, with an embedded partial signature).

As opposed to llvm.ptrauth.sign, it does not interpret value as a pointer value. Instead, it is an arbitrary data value.

‘llvm.ptrauth.blend’

Syntax:
declare i64 @llvm.ptrauth.blend(i64 <address discriminator>, i64 <integer discriminator>)
Overview:

The ‘llvm.ptrauth.blend’ intrinsic blends a pointer address discriminator with a small integer discriminator to produce a new “blended” discriminator.

Arguments:

The address discriminator argument is a pointer value. The integer discriminator argument is a small integer, as specified by the target.

Semantics:

The ‘llvm.ptrauth.blend’ intrinsic combines a small integer discriminator with a pointer address discriminator, in a way that is specified by the target implementation.

Constant

Intrinsics can be used to produce signed pointers dynamically, in code, but not for signed pointers referenced by constants, in, e.g., global initializers.

The latter are represented using a ptrauth constant, which describes an authenticated relocation producing a signed pointer.

ptrauth (ptr CST, i32 KEY, i64 DISC, ptr ADDRDISC)

is equivalent to:

  %disc = call i64 @llvm.ptrauth.blend(i64 ptrtoint(ptr ADDRDISC to i64), i64 DISC)
  %signedval = call i64 @llvm.ptrauth.sign(ptr CST, i32 KEY, i64 %disc)

Operand Bundle

Function pointers used as indirect call targets can be signed when materialized, and authenticated before calls. This can be accomplished with the llvm.ptrauth.auth intrinsic, feeding its result to an indirect call.

However, that exposes the intermediate, unauthenticated pointer, e.g., if it gets spilled to the stack. An attacker can then overwrite the pointer in memory, negating the security benefit provided by pointer authentication. To prevent that, the ptrauth operand bundle may be used: it guarantees that the intermediate call target is kept in a register and never stored to memory. This hardening benefit is similar to that provided by llvm.ptrauth.resign).

Concretely:

define void @f(void ()* %fp) {
  call void %fp() [ "ptrauth"(i32 <key>, i64 <data>) ]
  ret void
}

is functionally equivalent to:

define void @f(void ()* %fp) {
  %fp_i = ptrtoint void ()* %fp to i64
  %fp_auth = call i64 @llvm.ptrauth.auth(i64 %fp_i, i32 <key>, i64 <data>)
  %fp_auth_p = inttoptr i64 %fp_auth to void ()*
  call void %fp_auth_p()
  ret void
}

but with the added guarantee that %fp_i, %fp_auth, and %fp_auth_p are not stored to (and reloaded from) memory.

Function Attributes

Some function attributes are used to describe other pointer authentication operations that are not otherwise explicitly expressed in IR.

ptrauth-indirect-gotos

ptrauth-indirect-gotos specifies that indirect gotos in this function should authenticate their target. At the IR level, no other change is needed. When lowering blockaddress constants, and indirectbr instructions, this tells the backend to respectively sign and authenticate the pointers.

The specific scheme isn’t ABI-visible. Currently, the AArch64 backend signs blockaddresses using the ASIA key, with an integer discriminator derived from the parent function’s name, using the SipHash stable discriminator:

  ptrauth_string_discriminator("<function_name> blockaddress")

AArch64 Support

AArch64 is currently the only architecture with full support of the pointer authentication primitives, based on Armv8.3-A instructions.

Armv8.3-A PAuth Pointer Authentication Code

The Armv8.3-A architecture extension defines the PAuth feature, which provides support for instructions that manipulate Pointer Authentication Codes (PAC).

Keys

5 keys are supported by the PAuth feature.

Of those, 4 keys are interchangeably usable to specify the key used in IR constructs:

  • ASIA/ASIB are instruction keys (encoded as respectively 0 and 1).

  • ASDA/ASDB are data keys (encoded as respectively 2 and 3).

ASGA is a special key that cannot be explicitly specified, and is only ever used implicitly, to implement the llvm.ptrauth.sign_generic intrinsic.

Instructions

The IR Intrinsics described above map onto these instructions as such:

  • llvm.ptrauth.sign: PAC{I,D}{A,B}{Z,SP,}

  • llvm.ptrauth.auth: AUT{I,D}{A,B}{Z,SP,}

  • llvm.ptrauth.strip: XPAC{I,D}

  • llvm.ptrauth.blend: The semantics of the blend operation are specified by the ABI. In both the ELF PAuth ABI Extension and arm64e, it’s a MOVK into the high 16 bits. Consequently, this limits the width of the integer discriminator used in blends to 16 bits.

  • llvm.ptrauth.sign_generic: PACGA

  • llvm.ptrauth.resign: AUT*+PAC*. These are represented as a single pseudo-instruction in the backend to guarantee that the intermediate raw pointer value is not spilled and attackable.

Assembly Representation

At the assembly level, authenticated relocations are represented using the @AUTH modifier:

    .quad _target@AUTH(<key>,<discriminator>[,addr])

where:

  • key is the Armv8.3-A key identifier (ia, ib, da, db)

  • discriminator is the 16-bit unsigned discriminator value

  • addr signifies that the authenticated pointer is address-discriminated (that is, that the relocation’s target address is to be blended into the discriminator before it is used in the sign operation.

For example:

  _authenticated_reference_to_sym:
    .quad _sym@AUTH(db,0)
  _authenticated_reference_to_sym_addr_disc:
    .quad _sym@AUTH(ia,12,addr)

ELF Object File Representation

At the object file level, authenticated relocations are represented using the R_AARCH64_AUTH_ABS64 relocation kind (with value 0xE100).

The signing schema is encoded in the place of relocation to be applied as follows:

| 63                | 62       | 61:60    | 59:48    |  47:32        | 31:0                |
| ----------------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | ------------- | ------------------- |
| address diversity | reserved | key      | reserved | discriminator | reserved for addend |